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1525
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Wolsey founds Cardinal College Oxford
Thomas Wolsey founded a new college at Oxford called Cardinal College. After his death the college was refounded by Henry VIII as Christ Church.
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1527
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Henry VIII meets Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn came to the attention of Henry VIII. Anne was a lady-in-waiting for Queen Catherine and the sister of Mary Boleyn who was at the time the mistress of Henry VIII. Henry became besotted by Anne.
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May
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Wolsey sets up secret court
To end the marriage between Henry and Catherine Wolsey set up a secret tribunal where Henry VIII had to answer charges of having a illegal marriage. The court was held in secret so Catherine did not know. The plan was to present the facts to the Pope who would annul the marriage. Problems occurred when Rome was attacked by Catherine's nephew Charles and the Pope was captured. Any chance of the Pope annulling the marriage was now gone.
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Jun 22
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Henry VIII declares his marriage invalid
Henry VIII told Catherine of Aragon that their marriage was invalid because she had earlier been married to his brother Arthur. Anne Boleyn, who Henry had become besotted with, wanted Henry to divorce Catherine and to marry her.
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1530
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Nov 29
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Death of Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey died at Leicester.
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1533
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Jan 25
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Marriage to Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn at Whitehall Palace on or around the 25th of January. Anne was expecting a child which Henry and Anne hoped would be a boy.
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Spring
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Act of Succession
A statute passed by Parliament called the 'Act of Succession' declared that Mary Tudor was illegitimate and not Henry's heir because the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was void. This meant that children of Henry and Anne Boleyn would be the true heirs to the English throne.
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May 23
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Marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared illegal
Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was illegal and was annulled. The marriage between Henry and Anne Boleyn could then be formalised.
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May 28
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Marriage to Anne Boleyn declared legal
Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was legal.
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Jun 1
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Coronation of Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer.
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Sep 7
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Birth of Elizabeth to Anne Boleyn
Anne gave birth to Elizabeth a healthy girl at Greenwich Palace. Henry had hoped they would have a boy to ensure the continuation of the Tudor line.
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Dec
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Princess Elizabeth moved to Hatfield
Princess Elizabeth was moved from Greenwich, London to Hatfield were she was looked in the household of Lady Bryan. 1
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1534
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Jan
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Mary moved to Hatfield
By the order of Henry VIII Mary's title of Princess had been removed and she was taken to Hatfield to be a servant in the household of Princess Elizabeth, her younger step-sister. Mary was around eighteen years old at this time. Mary was not happy with this arrangement and could not accept that Elizabeth had a better claim to the English throne than she did.1
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1536
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Jan
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Death of Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon died. It was believed that she had been poisoned but it is possible that she died of cancer. Catherine died at Kimbolton Castle.
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Jan 29
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Anne Boleyn loses a son
Anne had a premature birth resulting in a stillborn child and the child was a boy. The failure to give Henry a son meant the end of her marriage to the king. Henry needed a new wife who could give him a male heir and he had his eye on Jane Seymour.1
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May 2
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Anne Boleyn arrested
Anne Boleyn was arrested at Greenwich after the May-Day jousting tournament on the order of Henry VIII.
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May 19
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Execution of Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII, was executed for treason and adultery at the Tower of London.
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May 30
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Henry marries Jane Seymour
Henry married his third wife Jane Seymour the former lady-in-waiting to both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. They were married at York Palace (now the Palace of Whitehall)
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Summer
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Netley Abbey surrenders to the King
Under the Act of the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries it was determined that Netley Abbey was to be dissolved. The Abbot at the time and his monks moved to their mother house at Beaulieu.2
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Jul
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Elizabeth declare illegitimate
Parliament declared that Elizabeth, like her elder step-sister Mary, was illegitimate. This allowed the next son of Henry VIII to be born to become the heir to the English throne.1
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Oct 2
(to Oct 18)
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Lincolnshire Rebellion
The short rebellion that took place for a couple of weeks in October was the prelude for a much larger rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The Lincolnshire rebellion began in response to Henry VIII's unpopular policies, including the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Rebels also had grievances against Henry's unpopular advisers like Thomas Cranmer. The rebels consisted of both common people and land owners alike, but some land owners were forced to take part. The rebels reached Lincoln where they were assured Henry VIII would listen to their demands if they disbanded. Meanwhile Henry ordered that a army should be sent to Lincoln as kill the rebels. By the time that army, led by the Duke of Suffolk, reached Lincoln the rebels had dispersed.
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Oct 21
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Pilgrimage of Grace
Following the earlier Lincoln rebellion, a larger rebellion began further north in Yorkshire. This rebellion again protested against Henry VIII's unpopular policies and advisers. They wanted Henry to put a stop to the dissolution of the monasteries and they wanted the removal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer and Henry's adviser Thomas Cromwell. The leader of the rebellion was Robert Aske, a lawyer and excellent organiser. Somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 rebels were involved and they took control of Pontefract Castle which fell to them without any resistance.
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Oct 27
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Meeting with rebels
The Duke of Norfolk met with leaders of the rebels on Doncaster Bridge where their demands were heard. The Duke asked the rebels to disband promising that their demands would be considered. The rebels complied with the request to disband and returned home. Henry VIII made no attempt to consider their demands.
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Dec
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Rebels list demands
At Pontefract the rebel leaders presented a list of demands. The rebels were assured of free pardons.
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1537
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Qtr 1
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More uprisings
Although the main leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace were remaining peaceful and waiting for Henry VIII to look into their complaints others were not so trusting. Several uprisings occurred in the north east of England where Carlisle was besieged. The Duke of Norfolk was able to deal with the rebels and many of those suspected of taking part were hung in their villages as an example to the rest.
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Summer
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Rebel leaders executed
Henry VIII summonsed the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace to him in London where the rebels believed they would discuss terms with the King as they had been promised free pardons. Instead, Henry had the rebels arrested. They were sent back to their home lands where they were tried and executed.
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Oct 12
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Edward VI born at Hampton Court
Jane Seymour gave birth to Edward at Hampton Court. The birth had complications and Jane became ill.
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Oct 24
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Jane Seymour dies
Jane Seymour died after complications with the birth of Edward VI. She was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
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1538
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Destruction of Thomas Becket's Relics
Henry VIII ordered the destruction of the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral and the removal of all the offerings that had been made over the centuries. The bones were supposed to have been burned but may have been reburied sparking a mystery over the location of the remains today. 3
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1540
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Construction of Pendennis and St. Mawes Castles
Henry VIII had a pair of castles built at the mouth of the River Fal near Falmouth in Cornwall. The River mouth is a natural deep water harbour and needed protecting from invasion. 4
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Waltham Abbey Dissolved
Waltham Abbey has the distinction of being the last monastery to be dissolved by Henry VIII. 5
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Jan
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Abbey at Gloucester surrenders
The monastery at Gloucester surrendered to Henry VIII as part of the dissolution of the monasteries.3
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Jan 6
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Marriage of Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves
Although Henry was disappointed that Anne did not resemble her portrait the marriage went ahead as planned.
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Jul 9
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Marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled
The marriage of Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves was annulled just a few months after the marriage. Anne agreed to an annual income and the use of several lavish homes in England.
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Jul 28
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Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard
Just weeks after the marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled Henry married Catherine Howard.
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1541
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Gloucester given Cathedral status
The abbey at Gloucester became a Cathedral at the centre of its own diocese. Previously it had been part of the Worcester diocese. John Wakeman was assigned as the first bishop. 3
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1542
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Feb 13
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Catherine Howard executed
Found guilty of adultery and therefore treason, Catherine Howard was sentenced to death and was executed on Tower Green within the Tower of London.
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Aug
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Battle of Haddon Rig
Henry VIII renewed his claim on the Scottish throne and sent his army in the north of England into Scotland. The army was met by a Scottish army led by George Gordon the 4th Earl of Huntley at Haddon Rig in Teviotdale. The Scots defeated the English led by Robert Bowes.6
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Nov 24
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Battle of Solway Moss
The battle at Solway Moss ended in a terrible defeat for the Scottish when they were overrun by a much smaller force of English troops led by Sir Thomas Wharton. Several high-worth Scottish prisoners were taken and transported to the Tower of London for future ransom. The shock of the defeat is supposed to have been so great for the Scottish king, James V, that he died just a few weeks later.
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Dec 8
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Birth of Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary was born at Linlithgow Palace in West Lothian, Scotland. She was the daughter of James V, king of Scotland and Mary of Guise, from France. James V died a week after Mary was born and she became Queen of Scotland.
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Dec 14
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Death of James V of Scotland
The defeat of the Scottish army at Solway Moss a few weeks earlier is supposed to have shocked James V so much that he died. His daughter Mary was only a week or so old when he died and she became queen, known as Mary Queen of Scots. James Hamilton, Earl of Arran became regent of Scotland as Mary was too young to rule.
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1543
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Succession to the Crown Act
An act passed by Parliament specifiying the order of succession to the English throne after the death of Henry VIII. Although Edward was the youngest the order would be Edward, Mary and the Elizabeth. 1
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Jul
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Treaties at Greenwich
A treaty was signed by the Scots and Henry VIII swearing peace between the two nations and the agreement that Mary, Queen of Scots, should marry Henry's son Edward.
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Jul 12
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Marriage of Henry and Catherine Parr
Henry married Catherine Parr, his sixth and final wife at Hampton Court Palace.
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Sep 9
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Queen Mary's Coronation
The coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots, took place at Stirling.7
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1544
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Events occurring at some time during this year
Construction of Southsea Castle
Henry VIII built the castle at the entrance to Portsmouth harbour to protect against French invasions.
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1545
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Jul 19
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Sinking of the Mary Rose
Henry VIII watched from Portsmouth as the flag ship of his navy mysteriously sank with the loss of hundreds of lives. 5
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1547
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Jan 28
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Death of Henry VIII
Henry died at Whitehall Palace at the age of 55. He was buried in St. George's Chapel Windsor next to Jane Seymour, his favourite wife.
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Feb 20
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Edward VI crowned
The coronation of Henry VIII's son Edward took place at Westminster Abbey.
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Mar 31
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Death of Francis I
Francis I, the King of France, died at Rambouillet Castle. He was succeeded by his son Henry.8
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Jul
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Capture of the castle at St. Andrews
After a lengthy siege failed to take the well defended castle at St. Andrews, Mary of Guise asked the French for help. The castle at St. Andrews was captured and the Protestant leaders and John Knox were taken into custody.7
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Sep 10
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Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Thousands of Scots gathered near the town of Musselburgh, just to the east of Edinburgh. They faced an English army led by the Duke of Somerset. The Scots had a good position on the battle field but wasted it when they attacked. The Scots were heavily defeated. The defeat at Pinkie Cleugh was a threat to Queen Mary and so she was secretly moved from Stirling Castle to the Augustinian Inchmahome Priory located on an island on lake Menteith.7
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1548
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Qtr 1
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Queen Mary moved to Dumbarton Castle
To comply with the agreement to marry Mary to the French Dauphin, the young queen was moved from Inchmahome Priory to Dumbarton Castle on the banks of the River Clyde on the west of Scotland. It was here that she waited before sailing to France.7
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Jul
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The French arrive in Scotland
The request of the Scottish Regent, Mary of Guise, for help to fight the English was answered by the arrival of a army of several thousand French. The assistance came on condition that her daughter Mary should marry the French Dauphin, Francis.9
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Aug 13
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Queen Mary arrives in France
Queen Mary arrived in France. Four girls all also called Mary and coming from noble families were chosen to accompany the Queen. Known as the 'Four Maries' the girls were Mary Beaton, Mary Fleming, Mary Livingston and Mary Seton. They landed, possibly, at Roscoff on the north-west coast of France.7
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Selection of references used:
1. Neville Williams, Elizabeth I, Queen of England 2. Abbot Gasquet, The Greater Abbeys of England, 1908 3. T. Francis Bumpus, The Cathedrals of England and Wales, 1934 4. John Kinross, Discovering Castles in England and Wales 5. Richard Cavendish, Kings and Queens The Concise Guide, 978-0-7153-2376-2 6. Richard Oram, The Kings and Queens of Scotland, 0-7524-3814-X 7. Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots 8. W.H.Hudson, France, The Nation & its Development, MCMXVII 9. John Prebble, The Lion in the North, 0 14 00.3652 0
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