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Abelard, Peter Adela (of Champagne)
Adelaide (of Savoy) Adelard (of Bath)
Adrian (IV, Pope) Aed (King of Scotland 877 - 878)
Aelred (of Rievaulx) Aethelbert (King of Wessex 860-865)
AETHELRED (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) Aethelred (King of Wessex 866-871)
Aethelred (of Mercia) Aethelstan (son of Aethelred)
Aethelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) Alcuin (of York)
Alexander (I, King of Scotland 1107-1124) Alexander (II, King of Scotland 1198-1249)
Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) Alexander (III, Pope)
Alexander (IV, Pope) Alfonso (King of Castile)
Alfred (Second son of Aethelred) ALFRED (The Great, King of Wessex 871-899)
Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) Alys (Daughter of Louis VII)
Amalric (I, King of Jerusalem, 1162 - 1174) Anne (of Cleves)
Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury 1093-1109) Arthur (King)
Arthur (of Brittany) Arthur (Son of Henry VII)
Arundel, Thomas Aske, Robert
Athelbald (King of Wessex 858-860) Athelflaed (Lady of the Mercians)
ATHELSTAN (King of the English 924-939) Athelwold


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       Abelard, Peter Born: 1079 Died: 1142 
eter Abelard was a French philosopher and teacher who taught at the schools in Paris including the important Notre-Dame school. Abelard had several arguments with his former teacher William of Champeaux and left Notre-Dame to set up his own school. When Abelard returned to teach at Notre-Dame he began an affair with Héloise who was the niece of Fulbert, a canon at Notre-Dame. Héloise had a child and the affair was discovered. To apologise for the affair, Abelard left Notre-Dame to become a Monk and Héloise became a nun. It was from her convent that Héloise sent a series of love letters to Abelard. Abelard left his monastery to become a hermit. He died and was buried at Paraclete near Nogent-sur-Seine in 1142. Héloise was buried next to him when she died in 1163.
       Adela (of Champagne) Born: circa 1145 Died: 1206 
dela, also known as Alix, was the third wife of King Louis VII, the King of France. The marriage took place only weeks after the death of Louis' second wife Constance of Castile. Louis needed a male heir to inherit the French throne and so far all his children had been girls. Their first child was a boy, Philip. Philip would become the next king of France and Adela acted as regent of France taking care of the country's affairs while Philip was away on Crusade.

Family Tree Details
Adela (of Champagne) (b.1145 - d.1206)
     +Louis (VII, The Young, King of France, 1137-1180) (b.1121 - d.1180)
          =Philippe (II Augustus, King of France 1180-1223) (b.1165 - d.1223)
               +Isabella (of Hainault) ( - d.1190)
               |    =Louis (VIII, The Lion, King of France 1223-1226)
               |         +Blanche (of Castile) (b.1188 - d.1252)
               |              =LOUIS (IX, King of France, St. Louis) ( - d.1270)
               +Ingeborg (of Denmark)
               +Agnes (of Meran) ( - d.1201)
                    =Philip (of Boulogne) ( - d.1235)
       Adelaide (of Savoy) Died: 1154 
ife of Louis VI, king of France and mother of Louis VII, king of France.

Family Tree Details
Adelaide (of Savoy) ( - d.1154)
     +Louis (VI, The Fat, King of France 1108-1137) (b.1108 - d.1137)
          =Louis (VII, The Young, King of France, 1137-1180) (b.1121 - d.1180)
          |    +Eleanor (of Aquitaine) (b.1122 - d.1204)
          |    |    =Mary (of Champagne) (b.1145 - )
          |    |    =Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) (b.1150 - )
          |    +Constance (of Castile)
          |    |    =Alys (Daughter of Louis VII)
          |    |    =Margaret (Young Queen of England) (b.1158 - d.1197)
          |    |         +Henry ('the Young King') (b.1155 - d.1183)
          |    +Adela (of Champagne) (b.1145 - d.1206)
          |         =Philippe (II Augustus, King of France 1180-1223) (b.1165 - d.1223)
          |              +Isabella (of Hainault) ( - d.1190)
          |              |    =Louis (VIII, The Lion, King of France 1223-1226)
          |              +Ingeborg (of Denmark)
          |              +Agnes (of Meran) ( - d.1201)
          |                   =Philip (of Boulogne) ( - d.1235)
          =Philip (of France) (b.1116 - d.1131)
       Adelard (of Bath) Born: circa 1090 Died: circa 1160 
orn in the late eleventh century, he studied and taught in France before going to Spain to learn Arabic. This allowed him to translate the Elements of Euclid. He travelled to Africa and Greece (learning the language) and Asia Minor. Back in England in 1130, he wrote several books on scientific information.
       Adrian (IV, Pope) Died: 1159 
drian IV was the Pope from 1154 to 1159. He was the only English Pope and his real name was Nicholas Breakspear. Adrian was born in England but went to Arles in France to perform his religious studies. Adrian became an Augustinian monk at a monastery at St. Rufus near Avignon in the southern France. He remained there for some time and became its abbot. His skills were recognised and was elevated to the position of bishop at Albano, a small distance from Rome. Adrian became a papal legate, a deputy who represented the Pope and sent on missions as an ambassador or messenger. It was on a mission to Scandinavia that Adrian's talents as a negotiator and organiser were also recognised. In 1154 Adrian was elected to the position of Pope. A Papal Bull issued by Adrian allowed Henry II to attack and rule Ireland. After his death in 1159 an argument caused a schism, or split with the church, as to who should become the next Pope.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1155    Plan for the conquest of Ireland approved
   A plan to conquer Ireland was approved by Pope Adrian IV in a Papal Bull (a formal proclamation issued by the Pope) called Laudabiliter. 
1159    Alexander III becomes Pope
   Alexander III was elected to the position of Pope after the death of Adrian IV. Alexander was supported by the English and the French, but the Germans supported and elected a second Pope known as Octavian. 
       Aed (King of Scotland 877 - 878) Died: 878 
ed was the son of Kenneth, ruler of the Scots. Aed became King of Scotland after the death of his brother Constantine. His reign only lasted for one year because the Scottish throne was also claimed by Aed's cousin Giric. Giric killed Aed and became King of Scotland. It is possible that Giric sharing the throne with Eochaid, a ruler of Strathclyde.
 See Also
       Aelred (of Rievaulx) Born: 1109 Died: 1166 
elred was an English historian and was born in Hexham in Northumbria. He was a steward to Kind David of Scotland before becoming a monk at Rievaulx Abbey. At Rievaulx he devoted himself to writing historical works. He became the Abbot at Rievaulx Abbey.
 See Also
       Aethelbert (King of Wessex 860-865) Died: 866 
he third (or second) son of Aethelwulf King of Wessex. Aethelbert became king after his elder brother Athelbald died in 860.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Aethelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) ( - d.858)
Mother:  Wife of Aethelwulf 
Aethelbert (King of Wessex 860-865) ( - d.866)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
860    Ethelbert becomes King of Wessex
   Upon the death of his elder brother, Ethelbert became the King of Wessex.1 
865    The 'Great Army' invade
   A large army of Danes landed in East Anglia led by King Ivar the 'Boneless' and King Halfdan. No attempts were made to get rid of the invaders.1 
    Ethelred becomes King of Wessex
   Following the death of his elder brother, Ethelred became the King of Wessex. Alfred (the Great) became his deputy.1 
       Aethelred (King of Wessex 866-871) Died: 871 
he fourth (or third) son of Aethelwulf King of Wessex 839-858. Aethelred became king of Wessex in 865/866 when his elder brother Aethelbert died. Aethelred had to contend with the largest invasion of Danes so far. In 865 Danes landed in East Anglia with a huge force of men. This army of Danes is known as the 'Great Army' and was under the command of King Ivar the 'Boneless' and King Halfdan. East Anglia was under the control of Mercia and no moves were made to force the army out. With his younger brother, Alfred (the Great), Aethelred had to contend with the Danes throughout his reign. In 871 Aethelred died. He left a son, Athelwold, but he was too young to rule. The Saxons chose Alfred as the new King of England.
See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Aethelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) ( - d.858)
Mother:  Wife of Aethelwulf 
Aethelred (King of Wessex 866-871) ( - d.871)
     +Wulfthryth
          =Athelwold ( - d.905)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
865    The 'Great Army' invade
   A large army of Danes landed in East Anglia led by King Ivar the 'Boneless' and King Halfdan. No attempts were made to get rid of the invaders.1 
    Ethelred becomes King of Wessex
   Following the death of his elder brother, Ethelred became the King of Wessex. Alfred (the Great) became his deputy.1 
866    Witenagemot held at Woodstock Woodstock
   Ethelread held a Witenagemot (Witan) at the palace of Woodstock. 2 
    The 'Great Army' arrive in East Anglia
   A large number of Vikings landed in East Anglia and gathered horses and supplies from the surrounding areas in preparation for their assault on Northumbria. Their leaders were Ivar the Boneless, son of Ragnar Lodbrok, and possibly Anlaf (Olaf) Cuaran, the King of Dublin.1 
  Winter  Northumbria is invaded by the Danes Humber Estuary
   The 'Great Army' moved north from their original landing site in East Anglia and into Northumbria. The Army split is two. One section took boats up the coast and sailed into the Humber while the other section went overland.1 
867    Danes are attacked and move south York Minster
Nottingham
   Armies from Northumbria attacked the Danes at York but were defeated. The Danes moved south attacking Nottingham and taking the city. The king of Mercia asked Ethelred and Alfred for assistance and an army from Wessex went to help.1 
868  Autumn  A peaceful settlement is reached
   Ethelred and Alfred married Mercian noble women whilst assisting the King of Mercia with the Danes on his land. A peaceful settlement was reached with the Danes and a Danegeld was paid for them to leave.1 
871  Qtr 1  Battle of Ashdown Battle of Ashdown
   Aethelred and Alfred defeated the Danes at Ashdown.  
  Apr  Alfred 'The Great' becomes king of Wessex Wimborne
   After fighting the Danes all winter Aethelred died. He was only in his twenties. He was buried at Wimborne and was succeeded by his younger brother Alfred 'the Great'.1 
       Aethelred (of Mercia) Died: 911 
ethelred of Mercia married Edward the Elder's sister Aethelfead and assisted Edward the Elder in battles against the Danes. After Aethelred's death in 911 Aethelfead ruled Mercia in her own right and together with her brother continued the fight against the Danes and Danelaw until her death in 918.
See Also

Family Tree Details
Aethelred (of Mercia) ( - d.911)
     +Athelflaed (Lady of the Mercians) ( - d.918)
       Aethelstan (son of Aethelred)  
irst son of Aethelred (the Unready)
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  AETHELRED (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) (b.967 - d.1016)
Mother:  Aelfgifu 
Aethelstan (son of Aethelred)
       Aethelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) Died: 858 
ing of Wessex, son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. Aethelwulf had the responsibility of protecting his kingdom from the invasion by the Danes. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley (believed to be somewhere south of the Thames), while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea of the coast of Kent in what is believed to be the first naval battle. In 855 Aethelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope. Whilst travelling back he spent time with Charles the Bald, King of the Franks and there he married the King's daughter Judith. Back in Wessex Aethelwulf's second son Athelbald learned of his father's marriage and disapproved. In 858 Athelbald made himself King of Wessex. When Aethelwulf returned he decided not to cause conflict and civil war so he let Athelbald rule in the west of the realm while Aethelwulf ruled in the east. When Aethelwulf died in 858 his wife Judith married her stepson Athelbald.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Aethelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) ( - d.858)
     +Wife of Aethelwulf
          =Athelstan (son of Aethelwulf)
          =Athelbald (King of Wessex 858-860) ( - d.860)
          =Aethelbert (King of Wessex 860-865) ( - d.866)
          =Aethelred (King of Wessex 866-871) ( - d.871)
          |    +Wulfthryth
          |         =Athelwold ( - d.905)
          =Athelswith (Daughter of Aethelwulf)
          =ALFRED (The Great, King of Wessex 871-899) (b.849 - d.899)
               +Ealhswith ( - d.905)
                    =EDWARD (the Elder, King of West Saxons, 899-924) (b.871 - d.924)
                    |    +Wife of Edward the Elder
                    |         =ATHELSTAN (King of the English 924-939) (b.895 - d.939)
                    |         =EDMUND (I, King of the English 939-946) (b.922 - d.946)
                    |         =EADRED (King of the English 946-955) (b.923 - d.955)
                    =Athelflaed (Lady of the Mercians) ( - d.918)
                         +Aethelred (of Mercia) ( - d.911)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
839    Ethulwulf becomes king of Wessex
   Egbert was followed by his son Ethulwulf as King of Wessex. 
849    Alfred 'the Great' is born
   Alfred was the fifth son of Ethelwulf, King of Wessex. 1 
851    Danish invasion defeated Wembury
Ockley
   The Danes landed at Wembury near Plymouth and were defeated by forces from Devon. A sea battle off the coast of Kent led by Athelstan (eldest son of Ethelwulf) defeated a Danish fleet of vessels and Ethelwulf defeated an army of Danes at the battle of Ockley who had arrived in the Thames and were attacking the south of the country.1 
855 - 856 Ethelwulf and Alfred visit Rome Vatican City, Rome
  Ethelwulf and Alfred visit Rome to see Pope Leo IV.1 
858    Ethelbald becomes King of Wessex
   Unhappy with his father's marriage to Judith and absence from the country, Ethelbald, Ethelwulf's second son claims the kingdom of Wessex for himself. When Ethelwulf later dies, Ethelbald marries Judith, his stepmother.1 
       Alcuin (of York) Born: circa 735 Died: 804 
lcuin taught at the University of York and was an important adviser to Charlemagne. Alcuin was a writer an poet and compiled a series of books on the lives of the saints.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
804  May  Death of Alcuin of York Tours, France
   Alcuin of York died at the monastery of St. Martin's at Tours. 
       Alexander (II, King of Scotland 1198-1249) Born: 1198 Died: 1249 
uler of Scotland from 1214 to 1249. Alexander was successful in regaining control of the more outer reaches of his kingdom and attempted to regain land that had been taken by the English. This attempt was abandoned in 1237 with the Treaty of York. Alexander died attempting to regain the Western Isles from control by the Norwegians. He was followed by his son, Alexander III.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  William (I, the Lion, King of Scotland 1165-1214) ( - d.1214)
Mother:  Beaumont, Ermengarde de ( - d.1233) 
Alexander (II, King of Scotland 1198-1249) (b.1198 - d.1249)
     +Joan (Daughter of King John) (b.1210 - d.1238)
     +Coucy, Marie de
          =Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) ( - d.1286)
               +Margaret ( - d.1275)
                    =Alexander (son of Alexander III) ( - d.1284)
                    =David (son of Alexander III) ( - d.1281)
                    =Margaret (daughter of Alexander III)
                         +Eric (King of Norway)
                              =Margaret (Maid of Norway) (b.1283 - d.1290)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1212    William gives son as hostage
   William, King of the Scots was prepared to give John his eldest son, Alexander as hostage to keep the peace between the two countries. William was also eager that Alexander should become King of the Scots after himself. Earning the trust of John was to be repaid later when John sent an army to Scotland to help William put down a rebellion.3 
1214  Dec 5  Alexander II became King of the Scots Scone
   Alexander was crowned at Scone. 
1221    Joan marries Alexander II York Minster
   At York Minster, king John's daughter Joan married Alexander II, the king of the Scots. Joan was only eleven years old at the time of the wedding. 
1241    Henry entertains at Woodstock Woodstock
   Henry spent time at Woodstock and entertained Alexander. King of the Scots and the English nobility.2 
1249  Jul 8  Alexander II of Scotland dies
   Alexander raised an army and sailed to the Hebrides to regain control of them from Norway, he wanted to end the agreement alliance between the Lord of Argyll and the Norwegians. Alexander became ill on the voyage and was unable to recover. He died on the island of Kerrera. 
       Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) Died: 1286 
lexander was the ruler of Scotland from 1249 to 1286 and succeeded his father, Alexander II, at the age of seven or eight. Alexander married Margaret one of Henry III's daughters. Although Alexander and Margaret had children they all died before Alexander and Alexander's second wife had no children at all. Alexander had a granddaughter called Margaret who did succeed him. Margaret was known as the Maid of Norway.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Alexander (II, King of Scotland 1198-1249) (b.1198 - d.1249)
Mother:  Coucy, Marie de 
Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) ( - d.1286)
     +Margaret ( - d.1275)
          =Alexander (son of Alexander III) ( - d.1284)
          =David (son of Alexander III) ( - d.1281)
          =Margaret (daughter of Alexander III)
               +Eric (King of Norway)
                    =Margaret (Maid of Norway) (b.1283 - d.1290)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1249  Jul 9  Alexander III became King of the Scots Scone
   Alexander was crowned at Scone. 
1251  Dec 26  Margaret marries Alexander III York Minster
   Henry III's daughter Margaret married Alexander III, king of the Scots, at York Minster. Both bride and groom were under the age of eleven at the time of the wedding. The festivities were huge as many members of the English and Scottish courts attended the wedding. 
1263  Oct 1  The Battle of Largs
   Alexander III of Scotland attacked the Viking army led by King Haakon IV of Norway and took the islands of the Hebrides. Haakon died on Orkney. 
1264  Jun  Haco of Norway attacks Scotland Firth Of Clyde
   Haco of Norway and his troops landed at the mouth of the Clyde after taking a battering from storms. Three days of fighting resulted in a victory for Alexander III. Escaping to Orkney, Haco died (from injuries ?). 
1266    Alexander III acquires the Hebrides
   Alexander, the King of the Scots exchanged his daughter in marriage to Eric, the King of Norway for the Hebrides.4 
1283  Apr  Birth of Margaret, Maid of Norway
   The birth of a daughter called Margaret to Eric, the young Norwegian King, and Margaret, the daughter of Alexander III. Margaret, the child's mother, died during childbirth. 
1285  Oct 14  Alexander III remarries
   Because all of Alexander's sons had died there was a threat that a fight would break out for the Scottish throne. To ensure a smooth transition it was decided that Alexander should remarry. Alexander married Yolande, the youngest daughter of Robert IV, Comte de Dreux in the hope that she would give him a son. 
1286  Mar 19  Alexander III of Scotland dies
   Alexander III of Scotland died leaving no male heir. Margaret 'Maid of Norway' was next in line for the Scottish throne because her mother was the only child of Alexander that had children. 
1290  Jul 18  Treaty of Brigham
   The agreement of the marriage between Margaret Maid of Norway to the first Prince of Wales Prince Edward (II). Margaret was the granddaughter of Alexander III the king of Scotland and was the successor to the Scottish crown. Margaret died on the journey. This led to disputed succession in Scotland.5 
  Sep  Margaret, 'Maid of Norway' dies on voyage Orkney
   Margaret, the 'Maid of Norway', granddaughter of Alexander III and next in line for the Scottish crown was travelling to Scotland when she died on Orkney during the voyage. 
       Alexander (III, Pope) Died: 1181 
lexander III was elected as the Pope in 1159 after the death of Pope Adrian IV. His election was only supported by the English and French. In Germany another Pope or antipope was elected called Victor IV also known as Octavian. The dispute between the two Popes lead to the exile of Alexander to Sens in France. Alexander supported Archbishop Thomas Becket in his conflicts with King Henry II of England and after Becket's death canonized him in 1173.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1159    Alexander III becomes Pope
   Alexander III was elected to the position of Pope after the death of Adrian IV. Alexander was supported by the English and the French, but the Germans supported and elected a second Pope known as Octavian. 
1164  Oct 6  Council of Northampton
   Council of Northampton held to discuss the Welsh rebellion and the Constitution of Clarendon; the Council tried Thomas Becket (8.10) and found him guilty of perjury (failure to appear at Council) and heresy; he was sentenced to forfeiture of his possessions; the sentence was quashed by Alexander III and Becket fled to Lincoln (14.10) and then France (2.11).6 
  Nov 2  Becket flees to France
   Becket fled to France and sought the protection of Pope Alexander III, who himself was in exile.6 
1173  Feb 21  Becket canonised Canterbury Cathedral
   Becket was canonized by Pope Alexander III. His shrine at Canterbury Cathedral became extremely wealthy due to the number of pilgrims visiting it and donating money.7 
       Alexander (IV, Pope) Died: 1261 
ope from 1254 until his death in 1261. Alexander IV agreed to absolve Henry III from the Provisions of Oxford and allow the English king to regain the power that the Barons had taken from him.
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Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1254    Alexander IV becomes Pope
    
1261  Qtr 1  Absolved from the Provisions of Oxford
   Pope Alexander IV agreed to absolve Henry from the Provisions of Oxford.8 
  May 25  Death of Pope Alexander IV
   Urban IV was elected Pope after the death of Pope Alexander IV. 
       Alfred (Second son of Aethelred) Died: 1036 
lfred was the second son of Aethelred and Emma. Alfred was murdered in 1036(7) when he came to England to help his mother's campaign against Harold Harefoot and Earl Godwine.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  AETHELRED (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) (b.967 - d.1016)
Mother:  Emma (of Normandy, Wife of Aethelred) (b.982 - d.1052) 
Alfred (Second son of Aethelred) ( - d.1036)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1036    Alfred is murdered by Godwine
   Alfred landed in England to take back the English throne, but his army was met by Earl Godwine and defeated. Alfred was captured and killed by the Earl. 
       Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) Born: 1150 
lice (Alix) was the second daughter of King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Family Tree Details
Father:  Louis (VII, The Young, King of France, 1137-1180) (b.1121 - d.1180)
Mother:  Eleanor (of Aquitaine) (b.1122 - d.1204) 
Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) (b.1150 - )
       Alys (Daughter of Louis VII)  
lys was the daughter of King Louis VII of France and Constance of Castile his second wife. A marriage agreement was arranged between Alys and the son of Henry II, Richard who would become Richard I, the Lionheart. Alys was only a child and until she was old enough to be married lived under the protection of the English King. The marriage never took place and Richard married Berengaria. Alys' half-brother Philip II of France fined Richard for not marrying her.

Family Tree Details
Father:  Louis (VII, The Young, King of France, 1137-1180) (b.1121 - d.1180)
Mother:  Constance (of Castile) 
Alys (Daughter of Louis VII)
       Amalric (I, King of Jerusalem, 1162 - 1174) Born: 1136 Died: 11 Jul 1174 
on of Fulk V, count of Anjou and King of Jerusalem. Amalric became King of Jerusalem after the death of his elder brother Baldwin.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Fulk (V, of Anjou) ( - d.1143)
Mother:  Melisende (of Jerusalem) (b.1105 - d.1161) 
Amalric (I, King of Jerusalem, 1162 - 1174) (b.1136 - d.1174)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1162  Feb 10  Death of Baldwin III Jerusalem
   Baldwin, the king of Jerusalem died. He was succeeded by his brother Amalric.9 
       Anne (of Cleves) Born: 22 Sep 1515 Died: 16 Jul 1557 
nne was the fourth wife of Henry VIII. It had been two years since the death of Jane Seymour when the marriage to Anne was suggested by Thomas Cromwell. A marriage to the sisters of the Dukes of Cleve would create a strong European political alliance. In order for Henry to see what Anne and her sister Amelia looked like the artist Hans Holbein was sent to paint their portraits. The painting of Anne was flattering and Henry agreed to the marriage. When Henry saw Anne, who arrived in England on the 1st of January 1540, he was disappointed that the she did not look like her portrait. At first he wanted to cancel the wedding but the organisation had gone too far and so the marriage took place on the 6th of January. The marriage was a marriage in name only and Henry sought the means to have a divorce. He even unkindly called Anne 'The Flander's Mare'. Anne understood the situation and accepted the divorce along with a good income and the use of several homes including Hever Castle. Anne died on the 16th or 17th of July 1557.
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Family Tree Details
Anne (of Cleves) (b.1515 - d.1557)
     +HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1515  Sep 22  Birth of Anne of Cleves
   Anne of Cleves was born in Dusseldorf, Germany. 
1540  Jan 6  Marriage of Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves
   Although Henry was disappointed that Anne did not resemble her portrait the marriage went ahead as planned. 
  Jul 9  Marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled
   The marriage of Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves was annulled just a few months after the marriage. Anne agreed to an annual income and the use of several lavish homes in England. 
  Jul 28  Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard
   Just weeks after the marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled Henry married Catherine Howard. 
1553  Aug 3  Mary arrives in London London
   Mary Tudor arrived at London to a huge welcome. Entering through Aldgate she was met by Elizabeth, Anne of Cleves and many others. Mary quickly ordered the release of her supporters that had been locked up at the Tower of London. The Duke of Northumberland and his supporters were placed in the Tower to await trial and execution. 
1557  Jul 16  Death of Anne of Cleves
   Since the divorce from Henry VIII Anne had been given a good annual income and use of several homes. She died on the 16th or 17th of July, 1557. 
       Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury 1093-1109) Born: 1033 Died: 1109 
nselm was born in the alpine village of Aosta in the Italian Alps and was the son of a wealthy nobleman. Anselm became a pupil at the Abbey of Bec in Normandy and studied under Lanfranc. In 1078 Anselm replaced Herluin as the Abbot of Bec when Herluin died. In 1093 Anselm was invited to become Archbishop of Canterbury by William Rufus when the Lanfranc, the current Archbishop died. Differences arose between Anselm and William resulting in Anselm leaving England and going to Rome. Anselm was invited back to England when Henry I became King of England in 1100, but the conflicts arose between the King and Archbishop over the right of the king to elect bishops. Anselm again left England because of the disputes but returned a couple of years before his death to retake his position as Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1093    Anselm Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury Canterbury Cathedral
   Anselm became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093 succeeding Lanfranc. The post of Archbishop of Canterbury had been held open by William Rufus so that he could collect for himself the church's income. Anselm died in 1109. 
1097    Anselm goes into exile Canterbury Cathedral
   Conflicts between Archbishop Anselm and William Rufus resulted in the Archbishop leaving England and heading for Rome. William confiscated Anselm's land. 
1100  Qtr 3  Anselm recalled from exile Canterbury Cathedral
   Henry I had no quarrels with the exiled archbishop and invited Anselm to return from exile and take back his position at Canterbury. 
1103    Conflicts between Church and State Canterbury Cathedral
   Disagreements began to arise between Henry I and Archbishop Anselm over the appointment of bishops and abbots into important Church positions. Anselm believed that it was a matter for the Church to decide and should not be controlled by the King. No concession could be agreed upon and once again Anselm went into exile as the King confiscated the lands that the archbishop owned. 
1109  Apr 21  Archbishop Anselm dies Canterbury Cathedral
   Death of the Archbishop of Canterbury.6 
       Arthur (King)  
ing Arthur is the legendary king from the Dark Ages and was a popular figure in stories and poems in the Middle Ages. Edward III based the Order of the Garter on the myths of King Arthur and the Round Table. Glastonbury Abbey is linked to Arthur and it was thought that a body dug up at the Abbey was that of the King.
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Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1191    King Arthur found at Glastonbury Glastonbury Abbey
   From the Chronicles of Meaux Abbey came the report saying 'In the twenty-third year of Henry, the body of Arthur some time king of the Britons were found at Glastonbury, between two stone pyramids formerly erected in the sacred cemetery. Hidden by a hollow oak, lay about fifteen feet deep in the ground. Some confusion with this date as I've also seen the date 1178 from Meaux Abbey chronicles.7 
1344  Jan 19  First Round Table at Windsor Windsor Castle
   A jousting tournament at Windsor castle may have been the time of the creation of the Order of the Garter based on the King Arthur's knights of the Round Table. The formal creation of the Order occurred in 1348.10 
1348    Founding of the Order of the Garter
   King Edward III of England established the Order of the Garter, the first English order of knighthood. Based on the Knights of the Round Table and King Arthur. The name of the order is supposed to have originated when Edward III picked up a garter that had been lost on the dance floor during a banquet. Edward tied the garter around his own leg telling all present not to pass judgement. The garter may have belonged to the beautiful Joan of Kent. Joan was later to marry Edward's son, the Black Prince. 
1470    'Le Morte d'Arthur'
   The book about the legend of King Arthur called 'Le Morte d'Arthur' was written by Sir Thomas Mallory.6 
       Arthur (of Brittany) Born: 1187 Died: 1204 
rthur was the son of Geoffrey, the fourth son of Henry II, and Constance of Brittany. When Richard I went on Crusade he nominated Arthur as heir to the English throne even though Arthur was only four. Richard did this in an attempt to prevent John claiming the English throne if anything happened to him while crusading. In 1196 Arthur was given the title of Duke of Brittany in 1196 and Richard invaded his territories. Richard's invasion failed. When Richard died in 1199 Arthur's claim to the English throne was ignored and John, Henry II youngest son, became king instead. In 1202 Arthur was captured by the English while the duke was besieging his grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirabeau castle. Arthur was taken first to Falaise and then possibly to Rouen and killed.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Geoffrey (b.1158 - d.1186)
Mother:  Constance (of Brittany) 
Arthur (of Brittany) (b.1187 - d.1204)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1196    Arthur proclaimed Duke of Brittany
   Arthur, the grandson of Henry II, was given the title of Duke of Brittany. 
1199  Mar  Siege at the castle of Chalus, and Richard dies
   Richard besieged the castle at Chalus where some treasure had been unearthed. Richard believed it was his and tried to take the castle. Riding too close to the walls, Richard was shot in the shoulder. The castle then fell and the archer who shot Richard was brought before him. Richard forgave the archer but Richard's second in command had the archer executed. Richard died of his wounds. On his death bed, Richard nominated his brother John as his heir rather than Arthur of Brittany.11 
1202  Apr 28  John fails to attend a summons to Philippe's court
   Failing to attend the court of Philippe II, John was declared to be a rebel and to have forfeited the areas of Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou. Philippe tried to mediate in the problems between John and the Lusignans but was ignored by John. The lands were given to Arthur of Brittany. Philippe kept Normandy for himself.12 
  Jul  Arthur knighted
   Philippe of France knights Arthur of Britanny. 
  Aug 1  Battle of Mirabeau
   Arthur of Brittany and the Lusignans had laid siege to Mirabeau Castle trapping Eleanor of Aquitaine inside. King John launched a rescue mission to free her. Arthur was captured by William de Braose and was handed over to King John. Many other important knights were also captured and it was an important and famous victory for the English king. Those that were captured were treated badly by King John. He could have ransomed them for their freedom and made a lot of money, instead he kept them prisoner locked in dungeons. Some he had shipped to England and imprisoned. Arthur was sent to the dungeon in the castle at Falaise in Normandy. 
1203  Apr 3  Arthur is murdered Rouen, France
   Arthur was moved to Rouen from Falaise where he was being held. There it is said that John killed Arthur and dumped his weighted-down body in the Seine. The body was discovered and later buried. 
       Arthur (Son of Henry VII) Born: 1486 Died: 1502 
arried Catherine of Aragon before she married Henry VIII.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509)
Mother:  Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503) 
Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502)
     +Catherine (of Aragon) (b.1485 - d.1536)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1486  Sep  Birth of Arthur
   Arthur was born several weeks early. 
1501  Oct 2  Catherine of Aragon arrives Plymouth
   After several months of travelling Catherine of Aragon finally arrived at Plymouth in preparation for her marriage to Prince Arthur. 
  Nov 14  Prince Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon St. Paul's Cathedral
   After several days of celebration and reception Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon were married at St. Paul's Cathedral. 
1502  Jan  Prince Arthur moves to Ludlow Ludlow Castle
   Prince Arthur took up his position as governor of the Welsh Marches and moved to Ludlow Castle. He was accompanied by his wife Catherine of Aragon. 
  Apr  Prince Arthur dies Ludlow Castle
   Prince Arthur fell ill at Ludlow with consumption, an illness that he seems to have suffered from a lot during his life. The illness was severe and he died. 
  Oct  Henry becomes Duke of Cornwall
   The title of Duke of Cornwall is given to the eldest son of the reigning monarch or their sons. When Arthur died without any male offspring the title was transferred to Henry (VIII) 
       Arundel, Thomas Born: 1353 Died: 1414 
homas Arundel was the Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. In Richard II's reign Arundel served twice as Chancellor and was also the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1396. His appointment was short lived as a year later he was exiled as part of the conflict with the Lords Appellant. Arundel returned to England with Henry IV's rise to power and was once again made Chancellor from 1407. He was temporarily deposed in 1410 but regained the post in 1412.
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Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1397    Thomas Arundel exiled Canterbury Cathedral
   Shortly after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel was exiled by Richard II because of his support for the lords appellant who opposed the King's misrule of the country. 
       Aske, Robert Died: 1537 
obert Aske was the leader of a rebellion against Henry VIII. Aske's rebellion is known as the Pilgrimage of Grace and it began in October 1536.
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Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1536  Oct 21  Pilgrimage of Grace
   Following the earlier Lincoln rebellion, a larger rebellion began further north in Yorkshire. This rebellion again protested against Henry VIII's unpopular policies and advisers. They wanted Henry to put a stop to the dissolution of the monasteries and they wanted the removal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer and Henry's adviser Thomas Cromwell. The leader of the rebellion was Robert Aske, a lawyer and excellent organiser. Somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 rebels were involved and they took control of Pontefract Castle which fell to them without any resistance. 
  Oct 27  Meeting with rebels
   The Duke of Norfolk met with leaders of the rebels on Doncaster Bridge where their demands were heard. The Duke asked the rebels to disband promising that their demands would be considered. The rebels complied with the request to disband and returned home. Henry VIII made no attempt to consider their demands. 
  Dec  Rebels list demands Pontefract Castle
   At Pontefract the rebel leaders presented a list of demands. The rebels were assured of free pardons. 
1537  Qtr 1  More uprisings
   Although the main leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace were remaining peaceful and waiting for Henry VIII to look into their complaints others were not so trusting. Several uprisings occurred in the north east of England where Carlisle was besieged. The Duke of Norfolk was able to deal with the rebels and many of those suspected of taking part were hung in their villages as an example to the rest. 
  Summer  Rebel leaders executed London
   Henry VIII summonsed the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace to him in London where the rebels believed they would discuss terms with the King as they had been promised free pardons. Instead, Henry had the rebels arrested. They were sent back to their home lands where they were tried and executed. 
       Athelbald (King of Wessex 858-860) Died: 860 
ing of Wessex from 858 until he died in 860. First (or second if Athelstan was a son) of Aethelwolf.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Aethelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) ( - d.858)
Mother:  Wife of Aethelwulf 
Athelbald (King of Wessex 858-860) ( - d.860)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
858    Ethelbald becomes King of Wessex
   Unhappy with his father's marriage to Judith and absence from the country, Ethelbald, Ethelwulf's second son claims the kingdom of Wessex for himself. When Ethelwulf later dies, Ethelbald marries Judith, his stepmother.1 
860    Ethelbert becomes King of Wessex
   Upon the death of his elder brother, Ethelbert became the King of Wessex.1 
       Athelflaed (Lady of the Mercians) Died: 918 
aughter of Alfred the Great and sister of Edward the Elder of Wessex. Athelflaed married a Mercian and raised Athelstan the future King of the English. Athelflaed also assisted her brother Edward the Elder in battle against the Danes and Danelaw. After the death of her husband, Athelflaed was known as 'Lady of the Mercians' as she ruled over Mercia in her own right. After her death in 918 Edward the Elder was able to extend his rule of Mercia as well as Wessex.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  ALFRED (The Great, King of Wessex 871-899) (b.849 - d.899)
Mother:  Ealhswith ( - d.905) 
Athelflaed (Lady of the Mercians) ( - d.918)
     +Aethelred (of Mercia) ( - d.911)
       Athelwold Died: 905 
thelwolrd (or Ethelwold) was the son of Aethelred, king of Wessex. and the nephew of Alfred the Great. When Alfred died in 899 the control of Wessex was disputed between Athelwold and Edward the Elder, the son of Alfred. Edward was supported in the south of the country while Athelwold found support with the Danes in Northumbria who accepted him as their over-lord.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Aethelred (King of Wessex 866-871) ( - d.871)
Mother:  Wulfthryth 
Athelwold ( - d.905)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
905    Athelwold killed
   Athelwold and Eric the Dane were killed in battle against Edward the Elder.13 
Selection of references used:

1. Ronald McNair Scott, Alfred the Great, 0 86332 832 6
2. Timbs & Gunn, Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales
3. Maurice Ashley, The Life and Times of King John
4. Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, 0 85097 184 5
5. J.D. Mackie, A History of Scotland, 1978, 0 7139 1206 5
6. Peter Potter, Data Donation
7. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North), 1872
8. H.W.C.Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 1949
9. Zoe Oldenbourg, The Crusades
10. E.B.D'Auvergne, The English Castles, 1926
11. John Gillingham, The Life and Times of Richard I, 1974
12. Richard Barber, The Devil's Crown
13. J. Raine, Historic Towns: York

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