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 ancred was the nephew of Bohemund of Taranto and a leader of a Norman army from southern Italy and Sicily who joined the First Crusade. When Bohemund was captured in 1100 and held prisoner for several years Tancred became regent of Antioch.
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Tewdwr, Rhys ap |
Died: 1093 |
 hys ap Tewdwr was the ruler of Deheubarth, the area of south west Wales, at the time of the Norman invasion. An agreement with William the Conqueror enabled Rhys to remain in control of the region. After William's death Rhys' power came under attack both from within Wales and from the Normans. After Rhys was killed in 1093 the Normans took the opportunity to invade the region. His son was Gruffydd ap Rhys and his grandson was Rhys ap Gruffydd, known as The Lord Rhys.
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| 1081 |
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William tours south Wales
| St. David's Cathedral
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William the Conqueror visited South Wales and St. David's. He met Rhys ap Tewdwr, the ruler of the area and allowed him to remain in control of the region for a yearly sum of money. |
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Theobald (of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury) |
Died: Apr 1161 |
 lected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1138. Theobald sided against King Stephen who had himself planned to become Archbishop. In 1152 Theobald refused to crown Stephen's son Eustace and in 1154 crowned Henry II and Eleanor at Westminster.
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 irst son of Stephen, count of Blois and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. His brother Stephen became king of England.
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 Theobald (V)
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Thomas (Duke of Clarence) |
Died: 1421 |
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Thomas (Duke of Clarence) ( - d.1421)
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Thomas (Earl of Lancaster) |
Died: 1322 |
 on of Edmund Earl of Lancaster and cousin of Edward II king of England, Thomas became one of the most powerful Lords of the time. As one of the leaders of the Lord Ordainers he attempted to limit the powers of the King and to remove Gaveston the King's favourite. Thomas was captured and executed as a traitor.
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Thomas (Earl of Lancaster) ( - d.1322)
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| 1311 |
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Lancaster's marriage provides more power
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The marriage of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster to Alice de Lacy, the heiress of the of the powerful Henry de Lacy, gave the Earl even more titles and properties. One of these properties was Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire. |
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Qtr 1 |
The rise of Thomas Earl of Lancaster
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While Edward II was in Scotland, his Regent, the Earl of Lincoln died. and was replaced by his son-in-law Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. Lancaster became the Earl of Lincoln and Salisbury, but already held the titles of Earl of Leicester and Derby. Holding so many titles, made Lancaster the most powerful Baron of the time. His hatred of Gaveston was to become a major problem for the king.1 |
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Qtr 1 |
Lancaster pays homage
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Lancaster had to pay homage to the king for the new lands he had received with his new earldoms. Edward was in Scotland but Lancaster refused to leave England and Edward met Lancaster at Haggerston Castle on the border. Gaveston was with the king but Lancaster refused to meet him.1 |
| 1312 |
May |
Gaveston surrenders
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While the Earl of Lancaster set up camp midway between York and Scarborough to prevent Gaveston and the King rejoining, the Earls of Pembroke and Surrey besieged Scarborough castle. The castle was not prepared to withstand the stand-off and Gaveston surrendered after a couple of weeks. The terms of his surrender were generous and Pembroke gave his word that Gaveston would not be harmed until he was presented to Parliament.1 |
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Jun 19 |
Gaveston executed
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The Earl of Pembroke with his captive Gaveston, stopped at Deddington for the night. Pembroke left Gaveston to attend to other matters. The Earl of Warwick took advantage of Pembroke's absence and took Gaveston from his bed. They went to Warwick castle and Gaveston was thrown in the dungeon. The four Earls, Lancaster, Warwick, Arundel and Hereford took the decision that Gaveston should be punished and took him to Blacklow Hill where he was executed. As Gaveston was under excommunication, the body was not buried straight away.2 |
| 1313 |
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Construction of Dunstanburgh Castle
| Dunstanburgh Castle
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Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, started the construction of a castle at Dunstanburgh on the Northumbrian coast. |
| 1314 |
Sep |
Edward loses power to Lancaster
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After the defeat at Bannockburn, the death of Gloucester and his army scattered, Edward had to hand power over to the Earl of Lancaster and the Lords Ordainers. Lancaster had kept back his own personal army in readiness for Edward's return and Edward had no option. Lancaster then replaced the Edward's supporters in key seats of power with his own Lancastrian supporters.1 |
| 1315 |
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Lancaster in power
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For the whole of 1315 Thomas, the Earl of Lancaster was in control of England and he embarked on a campaign to create a network of supporters in all positions of power. It seems that every section of society had Lancastrians that he could depend on. 1 |
| 1318 |
Aug 9 |
Treaty of Leake
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The Earl of Pembroke and his 'Middle Party' held discussions with the Earl of Lancaster during which it was agreed that a council should be formed that would advise the King, and that the King should not be able to act without the council's advice. Lancaster was also assured that he and his followers would be pardoned for any illegal acts that they may have performed during the time of their power. Lancaster agreed to the Treaty and met Edward to reconcile their differences.1 |
| 1319 |
Jun |
Edward marches to free Berwick
| Berwick Castle |
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The last Scottish town to be held in English hands had been captured by Robert the Bruce. The loss of Berwick brought Edward and Lancaster together. Their common goal was to recapture the town and together with the Earl of Pembroke and Surrey they marched north.1 |
| 1321 |
Qtr 1 |
Despenser and the Marcher Lords
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Hugh Despenser began obtaining lands in South Wales. He did this by exchanging estates he held in England and by obtaining grants from the king. He even obtained the Isle of Lundy. When the last male heir of the Marcher Lord Braose family died, Despenser was able to obtain the land that the family owned in and around Swansea. This angered the other Marcher Lords as they had customs that allowed land to pass into the hands of one another. The Marcher Lords threatened to start a civil war and it was agreed that a Parliament should be called to settle the matter. It was also agreed that Despenser was to be held in custody by Lancaster until the meeting but Despenser refused. |
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May 24 |
Meeting at Pontefract
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Lancester held the first of two meetings to gather support of Barons and the clergy to remove the Despensers from power. The second meeting at Sherborn-in-Elmet near York was held on June 28th.1 |
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Parliament at Westminster
| London
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Lancaster put a large amount of pressure on Edward to remove the Despensers from power. The Marcher Lords brought a force to London and threats were made that Edward would be removed from the throne if he did not comply.1 |
| 1322 |
Mar 16 |
Battle of Boroughbridge
| Pontefract Castle
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Lancaster left his base at Pontract and headed north. At the bridge crossing the river Ure at Boroughbridge he was halted by an army led by Andrew Harcley, the Earl of Carlisle. Harcley held the bridge against Lancaster's attacks and Lancaster was forced to surrender. Lancaster was taken back to Pontefract Castle where Edward had taken control. |
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Mar 22 |
Lancaster Executed
| Pontefract Castle
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Edward finally had his revenge for the death of Gaveston when Thomas, the Earl of Lancaster, was executed outside the walls of Pontefract Castle.1 |
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Thomas (Earl of Norfolk) |
Died: 1338 |
on of Edward I and his second wife Margaret.
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Thomas (Earl of Norfolk) ( - d.1338)
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Thomas (of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester) |
Died: 1397 |
on of Edward III.
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Thomas (of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester) ( - d.1397)
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Tostig (Earl of Northumbria) |
Died: 1066 |
ostig was the son of Godwine, Earl of Wessex and brother of Harold II, King of England. Tostig became the Earl of Northumbria in 1055 and went to Flanders in 1065 after a rebellion against him led by Morcar forced him out. Tostig sided with Harold Hardrada in the attempt to invade Britain and was killed at the Battle of Stamford.
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Tostig (Earl of Northumbria) ( - d.1066)
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| 1065 |
Oct |
Morcar becomes Earl of Northumbria
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A rebellion against Tostig, Earl of Northumbria leads to Tostig fleeing to Flanders and Morcar becoming the new Earl. |
| 1066 |
Sep 25 |
Stamford Bridge Battle
| Stamford Bridge |
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King Harold II defeated the invasion threat from Harold Hardrada, King of Norway and his own brother Tostig, both of whom were killed. This stretched his forces to the limit as they quickly had to march south to defend against William of Normandy's invasion at Hastings. |
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 laf Trygvasson of Norway.
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| 991 - 993
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Vikings attack the wealthy south-east
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Under the leadership of Olaf Trygvasson the Vikings attacked the wealthy south-east coast of England and took as much riches as they could carry.3 |
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Battle of Malden
| Ipswich |
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The raiding Vikings attacked the Ipswich area of England before sailing into the Blackwater river estuary near Malden. The English were waiting for them and trapped the Vikings in rising tidal waters. The English fought bravely and a poem was written about their exploits but in the end the Vikings were victorious and the English were defeated. |
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Vikings paid to leave
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Aethelred was advised by Archbishop Sigeric to talk to Olaf and arrange a truce rather than trying to defeat the Vikings in battle. The Vikings accepted a large payoff (Danegeld) and left. |
| 994 |
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Swein Fork-Beard invades Britain
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Swein Fork-Beard had overthrone this father King Harold Blue-Tooth Gormsson, King of Denmark in 988. With a huge fleet of 94 ships he arrived in the Thames estuary with Olaf Trygvasson by his side. London put up a good defence and drove the Vikings back so Fork-Beard moved his forces again to attack the south-east coast to plunder what he could find.3 |
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Trygvasson converted to Christianity
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Through the Winter months Aethelred provided the Vikings with lodgings and £16,000 in cash to stop the raids on his land. Aethelred was also the sponsor at the baptism of Olaf Trygvasson. Olaf was given instruction from the Bishop of Winchester.3 |
| 1009 |
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Danes repeatedly attack England
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Swein Fork-Beard and Olaf Trygvasson repeatedly attacked England over several years destroying the land. |
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Tudor, Edmund (Earl of Richmond) |
Died: 1456 |
dmund was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh landowner, and Catherine of France, the wife of Henry V. Edmund married into the Beaufort family and their son became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.
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 Tudor, Edmund (Earl of Richmond) ( - d.1456)
+Beaufort, Lady Margaret (b.1443 - d.1509)
=Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509)
+Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503)
=Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502)
| +Catherine (of Aragon) (b.1485 - d.1536)
=Margaret (Tudor, Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541)
| +James (IV King of Scotland 1488-1513) (b.1473 - d.1513)
| | =James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542)
| +Douglas, Archibald (Earl of Angus) ( - d.1557)
| =Douglas, Margaret ( - d.1578)
=HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547)
| +Catherine (of Aragon) (b.1485 - d.1536)
| | =Mary (I, Queen of England 1553-1558, Bloody Mary) (b.1516 - d.1558)
| +Boleyn, Anne ( - d.1536)
| | =Elizabeth (I, Queen of England 1558-1603) (b.1533 - d.1603)
| +Seymour, Jane ( - d.1537)
| | =Edward (VI, King of England 1547-1553) (b.1537 - d.1553)
| +Anne (of Cleves) (b.1515 - d.1557)
| +Howard, Catherine
| +Parr, Catherine
=Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1495 - d.1533)
+Louis (XII, King of France) ( - d.1515)
+Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) (b.1485 - d.1545)
=Frances (Lady)
=Clifford, Eleanor (Lady) ( - d.1547)
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Mini Timeline
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| 1452 |
Nov |
Edmund and Jasper created Earls
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The two sons of Owen Tudor, Edmund and Jasper were made Earls. Edmund became the Earl of Richmond and Jasper became the Earl of Pembroke. |
| 1455 |
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Edmund Tudor marries Margaret Beaufort
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Edmund Tudor married Margaret Beaufort, the heiress of the Duke of Somerset. Margaret was only twelve years old.4 |
| 1456 |
Summer |
Edmund Tudor captured
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Edmund Tudor Earl of Richmond is captured.5 |
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Nov |
Edmund Tudor dies
| Carmarthen Castle |
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Edmund the Earl of Richmond died in captivity in Carmarthen Castle. His thirteen year old bride Margaret was expecting their child who would become the future King Henry VII. |
| 1457 |
Jan 28 |
Henry (VII) is born
| Pembroke Castle
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The future king of England, Henry VII, was born at Pembroke Castle. His father was Edmund Tudor who had died a couple of months before the birth and his mother was Margaret Beaufort who was directly descended from Edward III. |
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Tudor, Jasper (Earl of Pembroke) |
Died: 1496 |
 asper Tudor was the second son of Owen Tudor and Catherine of Valois. He was given the title Earl of Pembroke in 1453. When Edmund his elder brother died in captivity in 1456 Jasper took his wife Margaret who was expecting her first child to Pembroke Castle.
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Tudor, Jasper (Earl of Pembroke) ( - d.1496)
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| 1452 |
Nov |
Edmund and Jasper created Earls
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The two sons of Owen Tudor, Edmund and Jasper were made Earls. Edmund became the Earl of Richmond and Jasper became the Earl of Pembroke. |
| 1456 |
Dec |
Margaret Beaufort moved to Pembroke
| Pembroke Castle
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After the death of Edmund Tudor his brother Jasper Tudor Earl of Pembroke moved Margaret Beaufort to Pembroke Castle. Margaret was the wife of Edmund and expecting their first child.5 |
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Tudor, Owen |
Born: 1400 Died: 1461 |
wen Tudor was a Welsh landowner and a supporter of Owen Glendower. He worked in the household of Catherine of France, the wife of Henry V and after Henry died in 1422 married the Queen. Their son Edmund Tudor, the Earl of Richmond, married into the Beaufort family and their son became Henry VII, the first Tudor king. Owen and Catherine had four children, the youngest two devoting their life to God.
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| 1429 |
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Marriage of Owen Tudor and Catherine of France
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It is believed that Owen Tudor and Catherine were secretly married in this year or just before. |
| 1437 |
Jan 3 |
Catherine of France dies
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Catherine died in this year after retiring to Bermondsey Abbey. Some reports say she died whilst giving birth, but this is probably wrong. |
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Owen Tudor is captured
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After the death of Catherine of France Owen Tudor was summonsed by Henry VI. Owen was unsure of Henry's motives and wanted some guarantee that he would be able to leave unharmed. That guarantee was given and Owen went to London. Still cautious, Owen used the safety of Westminster to investigate the King's reasons for his summons and when he was relatively happy visited the King. Owen was charged with certain crimes but was cleared and allowed to leave. On his return to Wales Owen was arrested and imprisoned in Newgate gaol. |
| 1438 |
Qtr 1 |
Owen Tudor escapes
| Windsor Castle
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Somehow Owen escaped from the Newgate prison along with his priest and servant but was soon recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle. |
| 1439 |
Jul |
Owen Tudor is pardoned
| Woodstock
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Owen Tudor was pardoned for all crimes he had been accused of and released from Windsor Castle. He was taken in by the King and given a regular income. Owen and his sons proved to be faithful Lancastrian supporters. |
| 1461 |
Feb 2 |
Battle of Mortimers Cross
| Battle of Mortimers Cross |
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Edward Earl of March, now the heir to the English throne, showed off his military skills at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire. The Lancastrians with Welsh support had caught Edward as he travelled to London. On the morning of the battle three bright lights were seen in the sky. Edward used this strange sight as a good omen. The Lancastrians were defeated and Owen Tudor was captured and beheaded. Jasper Tudor escaped. |
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 eader of the Peasant's Revolt (1381).
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| 1381 |
Jun 7 |
Peasant's Revolt reaches Maidstone
| Maidstone, Kent |
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The Kentish section of the Revolt reached Maidstone where they were joined by Wat Tyler who became their leader. They released John Ball from the church prison.6 |
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Jun 10 |
Peasant's Revolt reaches Canterbury
| Canterbury Cathedral
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William Courtenay was elected the new archbishop of Canterbury by the Kentish rebels who crowded into the church. The previous archbishop was in London with the king and was to be beheaded by the rebels. The Essex section of the revolt burnt and sacked a Hospitaller commandery that had previously belonged to the Templars called Cressing Temple.6 |
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Jun 15 |
Watt Tyler killed
| London
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Richard II again met the rebels, at Smithfield; they demanded the confiscation of church land; Watt Tyler was killed and the rebels dispersed; the Prior of Bury St.Edmunds was executed by the townspeople; University property was attacked in Cambridge (-17.6).
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Selection of references used:
1. Caroline Bingham, The Life and Times of Edward II 2. A.R.Myers, England in the late middle Ages 3. Magnus Magnusson, Vikings! 4. Byran Bevan, Henry VII: The First Tudor King 5. Neville Williams, Henry VII 6. John J. Robinson, Born in Blood, 0-87131-602-1 7. Peter Potter, Data Donation
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