| Index of medieval people in this section |
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 | Halfdan (King of Danes -876)
| | Hamilton, James (2nd earl of Arran)
| | Hardrada, Harold
| | HAROLD (Harefoot, King of England 1037-1040)
| | HAROLD (II, Godwinson, King of England 1066)
| | HARTHACNUT (King of England 1040-1042)
| | Henry (I, King of France 1031-1060)
| | Henry (II, King of England 1154-1189)
| | Henry (II, King of France 1547-1559)
| | HENRY (III, King of England 1216-1272)
| | HENRY (IV, King of England 1399-1413)
| | Henry (Lord Darnley)
| | Henry (of Blois, Bishop of Winchester)
| | Henry (of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster)
| | Henry (Son of Edward I)
| | Henry ('the Young King')
| | Henry (V of Germany)
| | Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422)
| | Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471)
| | Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509)
| | HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547)
| | Hepburn, James (Earl of Bothwell)
| | Herbert, William
| | Hereward (The Wake)
| | Herleva
| | Herluin (de Conteville)
| | Howard, Catherine
| | Humphrey (Duke of Gloucester)
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Halfdan (King of Danes -876) |
Died: 876 |
 ne of the leaders of the army of Vikings that landed in 866.
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| 865 |
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The 'Great Army' invade
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A large army of Danes landed in East Anglia led by King Ivar the 'Boneless' and King Halfdan. No attempts were made to get rid of the invaders.1 |
| 867 |
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The Danes invade Northumbria and York
| Whitby Abbey
York Castle
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The Danes led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, Ivar the boneless and Halfdan, attacked Northumbria and York. They wanted revenge for the death of their father who had been killed by Aella, the King of Northumbria. (Aella could have been an Irish Prince.) The Danes destroyed many churches and monasteries including Whitby Abbey. The monasteries remained ruined for two hundred years. |
| 872 |
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Ivar the Boneless dies
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Ivar 'the Boneless', the king of Dublin died. He was succeeded by his brother Halfdan. |
| 875 |
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Danes move against the north.
| Cambridge |
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Led by Halfdan the Danes moved north to attack the Picts and the area of Strathclyde. The Danes divided Northumbria taking York for themselves and creating the area known as Danelaw. A second Danish King called Guthrum took his army back south to Cambridge where he prepared plans to attack Wessex.1 |
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Hamilton, James (2nd earl of Arran) |
Died: Jan 1575 |
 ames Hamilton was descended from James I and James II of Scotland. Arran became regent of Scotland when James V of Scotland died in 1542. James V's daughter Mary became Queen of Scotland but she was only a few days old so the earl took control of Scotland.
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| 1542 |
Dec 14 |
Death of James V of Scotland
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The defeat of the Scottish army at Solway Moss a few weeks earlier is supposed to have shocked James V so much that he died. His daughter Mary was only a week or so old when he died and she became queen, known as Mary Queen of Scots. James Hamilton, Earl of Arran became regent of Scotland as Mary was too young to rule. |
| 1548 |
Qtr 1 |
Queen Mary moved to Dumbarton Castle
| Dumbarton Castle |
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To comply with the agreement to marry Mary to the French Dauphin, the young queen was moved from Inchmahome Priory to Dumbarton Castle on the banks of the River Clyde on the west of Scotland. It was here that she waited before sailing to France.2 |
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Aug 13 |
Queen Mary arrives in France
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Queen Mary arrived in France. Four girls all also called Mary and coming from noble families were chosen to accompany the Queen. Known as the 'Four Maries' the girls were Mary Beaton, Mary Fleming, Mary Livingston and Mary Seton. They landed, possibly, at Roscoff on the north-west coast of France.2 |
| 1558 |
Apr |
Betrothal of Mary and Dauphin Francis
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An agreement was reached between the Scottish commissioners and the French king Henry II for the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Francis, the Dauphin of France. The terms of the agreement allowed the Scots to maintain their traditional rights and would become united with France when Francis became King of France. It was also agreed that if Mary died without having children the Scottish throne would go to the Earl of Arran.3 |
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Hardrada, Harold |
Died: 25 Sep 1066 |
 arold (or Harald) Hardrada (or Hardraada) became King of Norway in 1047 when Magnus of Norway died. Harold invaded Britain in September of 1066. His forces had been added to by Tostig the exiled Earl of Northumbria. They sailed into the Humber and attacked Yorkshire. At the battle of Gate Fulford Harold and Tostig defeated Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar (Tostig's brother and now Earl of Northumbria). A few days later at the battle of Stamford Bridge King Harold defeated Harold Hardrada and Tostig who were both killed.
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| 1047 |
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Magnus of Norway dies
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Magnus, King of Norway and Denmark, died in this year. Magnus had stated that Harold Hardrada should become King of Norway after his death. |
| 1066 |
Sep 20 |
Battle of Gate Fulford
| York
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Harold Hardrada's forces invaded and started ravaging the countryside as they made their way to York. English forces led by Earl Edwin and Earl Morcar battled with Harold Hardrada at Gate Fulford, but the English were severely beaten. Following this defeat Harold, King of England, was forced to march his army away from the south coast where they were preparing to defend against William the Conqueror's invasion to deal with the invasion in the north. |
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Sep 25 |
Stamford Bridge Battle
| Stamford Bridge |
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King Harold II defeated the invasion threat from Harold Hardrada, King of Norway and his own brother Tostig, both of whom were killed. This stretched his forces to the limit as they quickly had to march south to defend against William of Normandy's invasion at Hastings. |
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Henry (I, King of France 1031-1060) |
Died: 1060 |
enry was the son of the King of France Robert the Pious and Constance of Arles. As Henry's older brother had died, Henry became King of France when his father died in July of 1031. Henry ruled France from 1031 until his death in 1060. Henry's younger brother Robert, supported by their mother Constance, had designs on the French throne. This led to conflicts between the brothers but was resolved in 1034 when Henry gave Robert the title of Duke of Burgundy. Henry tried to take control of Normandy, the area to the north of his own lands that cut him off from the sea. Henry was defeated twice by William the Duke of Normandy who would later become William the Conqueror. Henry was defeated in 1054 at the battle of Mortemer and again in 1057 (or 1058) at Varaville.
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| 1031 |
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Robert the Pious dies
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Robert, the King of France, died and was succeeded by his son Henry. |
| 1041 |
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Truce of God
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France had descended into what is now known as the 'Anarchy of Feudalism' . Law had broken down and the Earls and Barons lived in fortified castles. Many of these lords robed from the surrounding land to make themselves rich. It was extremely dangerous to travel even on the main roads. Famines were common and trading had almost stopped. To stop the deterioration the Church introduced the Truce of God. The truce outlawed any kind of fighting from Thursday evening to Monday morning.4 |
| 1054 |
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Battle of Mortemer
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Battle fought between Henry, the King of France, and William, the Duke of Normandy. Henry wanted to take control of the Normandy area which was preventing the French access to the English Channel. The Normans defeated the French.5 |
| 1057 |
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The Battle of Varaville
| Varaville |
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Another battle fought between Henry, the King of France, and William, the Duke of Normandy. Again the Normans defeated the French King's army.5 |
| 1060 |
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Henry, King of France, dies to be followed by Philippe
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Henry I King of France died. His son, Philippe, became King although he was only eight years old. France was administered by Baldwin one of Philippe's uncles. |
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Henry (II, King of France 1547-1559) |
Died: Jun 1559 |
 on of Francis I, King of France.
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| 1558 |
Apr |
Betrothal of Mary and Dauphin Francis
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An agreement was reached between the Scottish commissioners and the French king Henry II for the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Francis, the Dauphin of France. The terms of the agreement allowed the Scots to maintain their traditional rights and would become united with France when Francis became King of France. It was also agreed that if Mary died without having children the Scottish throne would go to the Earl of Arran.3 |
| 1559 |
Jun |
Henry II killed during a tournament
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Henry II, the French king was accidentally killed during a tournament celebrating a wedding. He was succeeded by his son Francis II.3 |
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Henry (Lord Darnley) |
Born: 1546 Died: 1567 |
 randson of Margaret Tudor, the daughter of Henry VII, King of England. Lord Darnley married Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots even though they were closely related sharing the same grandmother.
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| 1565 |
Jul 29 |
Mary Stuart marries Lord Darnley
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Mary, Queen of Scots, married Henry Lord Darnley in the chapel at Holyrood House. Henry then became King of Scotland but in title only as Mary still held all the power of the monarch. |
| 1566 |
Jun 19 |
Birth of the James the future King of England
| Edinburgh Castle |
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James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. He was born at Edinbugh Castle. |
| 1567 |
Feb 10 |
Murder of Lord Darnley
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Henry, Lord Darnley, was murdered as he tried to escape from his attackers as they laid gunpowder in his house. His house was destroyed in the explosion. The culprit was thought to be the Earl of Bothwell who was then very close to Queen Mary and it may have been the Queen herself who ordered the killing.2 |
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Henry (of Blois, Bishop of Winchester) |
Died: 8 Aug 1171 |
enry was the third son of Stephen, count of Blois, and Adela the daughter of William the Conqueror. In 1126 Henry became the abbot at Glastonbury Abbey and shortly afterwards in 1129 became the Bishop of Winchester. Henry was a great architect and spent much of his time on building projects including many parts of Glastonbury Abbey.
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 Henry (of Blois, Bishop of Winchester) ( - d.1171)
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Henry (of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster) |
Born: 1300 Died: 1361 |
enry worked for Edward III as a soldier and diplomat during the early years of the Hundred Years War. He had inherited his wealth from his father, the Earl of Lancaster. In France Henry increased his income by obtaining a licence to mint coins and through a monopoly over salt in Poitou. He was made a Duke in 1351. When he died he had no male heir and his wealth went to his daughter, Blanche. Blanche married John of Gaunt, a son of Edward III.
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Henry (Son of Edward I) |
Born: 1268 Died: Oct 1274 |
 ied at the age of six.
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Henry (Son of Edward I) (b.1268 - d.1274)
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Henry ('the Young King') |
Born: 1155 Died: 1183 |
 he second son of Henry II, king of England.
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| 1155 |
Feb 28 |
Henry the Young King is born
| London
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Eleanor gave birth to Henry at Bermondsey Palace in London.9 |
| 1172 |
Aug |
The Young King is crowned
| Winchester Cathedral
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At a ceremony at Winchester Cathedral Henry, the Young King, and his wife Margaret were both crowned.7 |
| 1174 |
Aug |
Siege of Rouen
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From the middle of July King Louis of France, Henry the Young King and Philip the count of Flanders had surrounded the city of Rouen. The city had held out against the war engines. Henry II arrived at Rouen in the middle of August to rescue the city. The besiegers were fearful that Henry II would invade France and the siege was lifted.7 |
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Oct 11 |
Henry II reaches a peace agreement
| Falaise |
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After a year and a half of rebellion against him, Henry II achieved peace agreements with Louis the French king and his own three sons. (Treaty of Falaise?)7 |
| 1183 |
Jun |
The Young King dies
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Henry II's son Henry, crowned as the Young King, died of dysentery and Richard became heir to the English throne.10 |
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Hepburn, James (Earl of Bothwell) |
Died: Apr 1578 |
ames Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell, married Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots in 1567. It was shortly after the marriage that Mary had to abdicate giving up the Scotish throne.
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Herbert, William |
Died: 1469 |
 illiam Herbert was the son of William ap Thomas, both of whom owned Raglan Castle. William Herbert, like his father came into wealth by taking an active role in supporting the Kings of their time. William Herbert supported King Edward IV during the War of the Roses and was to become Earl of Pembroke in recognition of his achievements. He was knighted in 1452, fought with Edward at Mortimer's Cross and after the victory was made chief justice of south Wales as well as Baron Herbert of Raglan. In 1462 he became a knight of the garter, and in 1467 chief justice of north Wales. It was at Raglan and into the care of William Herbert and his wife that the welfare of Henry (VII) the future King of England was placed. William and his brother Richard were captured at the battle of Edgecote and executed.
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| 1461 |
Sep |
Pembroke Castle captured
| Pembroke Castle
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Pembroke Castle was captured by William Herbert. The young Henry Tudor was found in the castle where he had been hiding.11 |
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Nov |
Pembroke Castle in Yorkist hands
| Pembroke Castle
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William Herbert was given the castle at Pembroke in recognition of his assistance to Edward IV. Herbert was made the guardian of the future Henry VII who was living at the castle. |
| 1464 |
Jun |
Herbert becomes Constable of Harlech
| Harlech Castle
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Could be 1463. William Herbert was given the title of Constable of Harlech Castle.12 |
| 1469 |
Jul 26 |
Battle of Edgecote
| Battle of Edgcote |
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Edward's army was insufficient to deal with the rebels alone and he had moved them to Nottingham to wait for a larger army to join them led by Sir William Herbert. Pembroke's army was attacked and defeated by a combined rebel army led by Robin of Redesdale and the Earl of Warwick who had returned from France. The battle took place at Edgecote near Banbury. Sir William Herbert and his brother Richard were captured and executed. |
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ereward was involved in a rebellion against William the Conqueror between 1070 and 1071. After sacking the abbey at Peterborough, Hereward found refuge on the Isle of Ely where he was joined by Morcar, the Earl of Northumbria. In 1071 William attacked and put down the rebellion.
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erleva and Duke Robert I of Normandy were the parents of William the Conqueror but were not married. Herleva married Herluin de Conteville after the death of Robert I and had two sons, Odo and Robert who were to become Bishop of Bayeux and Count of Montain respectively. Herleva died some time after 1050 and was buried at the abbey of Grestain founded by Herluin near the Seine.
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 Herleva
+Robert (I, Duke of Normandy 1027-35) ( - d.1035)
| =WILLIAM (I, the Conqueror, King of England 1066-1087) (b.1028 - d.1087)
| +Matilda (of Flander) ( - d.1083)
| =Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106) ( - d.1134)
| | +Sybilla (of Conversano)
| | =Clito, William ( - d.1128)
| =Richard (Son of William the Conqueror)
| =WILLIAM (II, Rufus, King of England 1087-1100) (b.1057 - d.1100)
| =Plantagenet, Henry (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135)
| | +Matilda Edith (of Scotland)
| | | =William (Adelin) (b.1103 - d.1120)
| | | =Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) (b.1102 - d.1167)
| | +Adeliza (of Louvain) ( - d.1151)
| =Cecilia (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
| =Constance (Daughter of William the Conqueror)
| =Adela (Daughter of William the Conqueror) ( - d.1137)
| +Stephen (count of Blois)
| =Theobald (V)
| =Stephen (of Blois, king of England 1135-1154) (b.1100 - d.1154)
| =Henry (of Blois, Bishop of Winchester) ( - d.1171)
+Herluin (de Conteville)
=Odo (Bishop of Bayeux) (b.1035 - d.1097)
=Robert (Count of Mortain) (b.1060 - d.1095)
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erluin was a lord of moderate income and some land on the south side of the river Seine. Some time after Robert I Duke of Normandy and Herleva had William I (the Conqueror), Herluin became married to Herleva. This may have been a marriage of convenience to provide for Herleva. Herleva and Hurluin's son Odo was made bishop of Bayeux and after 1066 he ruled England when William was in Normandy.
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 atherine Howard was the fifth wife of Henry VIII. Catherine had been a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves and had come to the attention of Henry. She was much younger than Henry who was now almost fifty and had gained a lot of weight. The marriage took place only weeks after Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled in July of 1540. Catherine soon tired of the king and began a series of affairs with men nearer her age. Two of these were Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham. Word of the adultery finally reached Henry who at first refused to believe the news. Catherine and her lovers were arrested and found guilty of treason. Catherine was executed on the 13th of February 1542.
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Humphrey (Duke of Gloucester) |
Died: 23 Feb 1447 |
umphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was the son of Henry IV, king of England and the brother of Henry V, king of England. In 1422 Henry V died leaving a son as heir to the English throne. Also called Henry, the young boy was less than a year old. Humphrey and his older brother John, Duke of Bedford were selected as regents to the young king to rule England until the boy was old enough to rule himself. The Duke of Bedford went to France where the English controlled the northern areas while Humphrey governed in England. Gloucester was Unpopular in England and within Parliament.
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Humphrey (Duke of Gloucester) ( - d.1447)
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| 1422 |
Sep 1 |
Henry VI becomes king
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Henry VI became king of England upon the death of his father. Henry was less than one year old when his father died and so England was governed by a number of protectors. These included Henry V's brothers, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, along with Henry Beaufort the bishop of Winchester. |
| 1435 |
Sep 14 |
Duke of Bedford dies
| Rouen, France |
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John, Duke of Bedford, died in Rouen. Henry was still too young to rule and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, took over as regent until Henry was old enough to rule England unaided. Gloucester was not popular and was the cause of unrest with Parliament. |
| 1447 |
Feb 23 |
Death of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
| Bury St. Edmunds Abbey |
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A parliament was held at Bury St. Edmunds where the Duke of Gloucester was accused of treason and arrested. It was said that he was planning an uprising against the king. The accusations were made falsely by the Duke of Suffolk. Gloucester died only days after his arrest. |
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Selection of references used:
1. Ronald McNair Scott, Alfred the Great, 0 86332 832 6 2. Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots 3. Richard Oram, The Kings and Queens of Scotland, 0-7524-3814-X 4. J.D.Griffith Davies, England in the Medieval Ages, 1928 5. W.H.Hudson, France, The Nation & its Development, MCMXVII 6. Abbot Gasquet, The Greater Abbeys of England, 1908 7. The Plantagenet Chronicles, 1-85501-685-0 8. Peter Potter, Data Donation 9. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North), 1872 10. John Gillingham, The Life and Times of Richard I, 1974 11. Paul Murray Kendall, Richard The Third, ISBN 0 04 942048 8 12. H.T. Evans, Wales and the Ware of the Roses, ISBN 0-905-778-278
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