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Index of medieval people in this section
 
MacAlpin, Kenneth (I, Ruler of the Scots 843 - 858) Macbeth (Scottish King)
Magellan, Ferdinand Magnus (I, King of Norway)
Malcolm (II, Scottish King) Malcolm (III, Scottish King 1058-1093)
Malcolm (IV, Scottish King 1153-1165) Mandeville, Geoffrey de (Earl of Essex)
Margaret Margaret (daughter of Alexander III)
Margaret (Maid of Norway) Margaret (of Anjou)
Margaret (St. Margaret of Scotland) Margaret (Tudor, Daughter of Henry VII)
Marshal, Richard (Earl of Pembroke) Marshal, William (Earl of Pembroke)
Marshal, William (the younger) Mary (I, Queen of England 1553-1558, Bloody Mary, Mary Tudor)
Mary (of Champagne) Mary (of Guise)
Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) Mary (Tudor, Queen of France)
Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) Melisende (of Jerusalem)
Michiel, Domenico (Doge of Venice) Montfort, Henry de
Montfort, Simon de Montgomery, Roger de
Morcar (Earl of Northumbria) Mortimer, Anne (daughter of Roger, Earl of March)
Mortimer, Edmund Mortimer, Edmund (5th Earl of March)
Mortimer, Roger (of Wigmore) Mowbray, Robert
Murchadha, Diarmait mac (King of Leinster)


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       MacAlpin, Kenneth (I, Ruler of the Scots 843 - 858) Died: Feb 858 
enneth MacAlpin is tradionally regarded as the first ruler of the Scottish nation, known as Alba in the Gaelic language. He was the ruler of Dal Riata, an area of the west coast of Scotland, and the ruler of the Picts whose leaders he killed. His reign was marked by Viking raids and to prevent historic religious artefacts belonging to St. Columba at Iona being stolen he had them moved to Dunkeld. When he died he was succeeded by his brother Donald.
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       Macbeth (Scottish King) Died: 1057 
hakespeare based his play on this Scottish King. Macbeth reigned from 1040 to 1057. He was killed by Malcolm, the son of Duncan I. Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1040  Aug 14  Duncan is killed by Macbeth
   Macbeth killed Duncan I and became the King of Scotland. 
1045    Crinan killed during uprising
   Crinan, the Abbot of Dunkfeld, led an uprising against Macbeth in an attempt to put his grandson Malcolm (III) on the Scottish throne. Malcolm was living at the court of Edward the Confessor at the time. Crinian was killed and the uprising failed. 
1050    Macbeth visits Rome Vatican City, Rome
   Macbeth took time to travel to Rome on a pilgrimage. Reports of his visit tell of him distributing large amounts of money. 
1057  Aug  Macbeth is killed and Lulach becomes king Scone
   Macbeth was killed by Malcolm III (Malcolm Canmore) who later became the King of Scotland. Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach who was crowned at Scone. 
       Magellan, Ferdinand  
ixteenth century explorer.
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Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1480    Birth of Ferdinand Magellan
   Magellan, the explorer, was born in northern Portugal in this year. The exact location is known. His father was Ruy de Magalhaes, and his mother was Alda de Mezquita. His parents may have held some position of importance and so Ferdinard attended the Court at Lisbon as a page.1 
1519  Aug 10  Magellan leaves Seville Seville, Spain
   Ferdinand Magellan set sail from Seville with five ships in search of a passageway to the south of South America in order to reach the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. 
  Sep 20  After taking on supplies Magellan's voyage begins Rio Guadalquivir
   During the five weeks after leaving Seville Magellan's fleet were anchored in the estuary of the Guadalquivir river south Seville. Here they had taken on the supplies they needed for the long voyage ahead.1 
       Magnus (I, King of Norway) Died: 1047 

See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1042  Jun 8  Harthacanute dies and Edward the Confessor becomes King
   Harthacanute collapsed while attending a party and died shortly afterwards. He died without an heir and so the crown reverted back to the Saxons and Edward the Confessor was crowned King of England at Easter of 1043 at Winchester. After the death of Harthacanute Magnus took control in Denmark. 
1043  Nov  Edward confiscated Emma's land
   Edward learnt that his mother Emma was plotting with Dane Magnus of Norway to take control of the English throne. Edward had no choice and stripped his mother of her land and treasure. Emma was allowed to stay in England until her death. 
1047    Magnus of Norway dies
   Magnus, King of Norway and Denmark, died in this year. Magnus had stated that Harold Hardrada should become King of Norway after his death. 
       Malcolm (II, Scottish King) Died: 1034 
ael Coluim mac Cinaeda or more commonly known as Malcolm II. Malcolm was the Scottish king from 1005 until 1034.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Malcolm (II, Scottish King) ( - d.1034)
     +Wife of Malcolm II
          =Bethoc
          |    +Crinan (Abbot of Dunkeld)
          |         =Duncan (I, Scottish king) ( - d.1040)
          |              +Sybilla
          |                   =Malcolm (III, Scottish King 1058-1093) ( - d.1093)
          |                   =Donald (III, Scottish King 1094-1097) ( - d.1099)
          =Second daughter of Malcolm II
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1005    Malcolm II becomes Kings of the Scots
   Malcolm killed his cousin Kenneth III to become Malcolm II, King of the Scots. 
1034    Duncan becomes King of Scotland
   Already the ruler of Strathclyde Duncan killed his grandfather Malcolm II to become the King of Scotland. 
       Malcolm (IV, Scottish King 1153-1165) Born: 1142 Died: 9 Dec 1165 
alcolm was the grandson of David I. He became king of Scotland in 1153 when David died. In 1157 Henry II claimed Northumbria and Cumbria back from the Scots. Henry had given these areas to Scotland when he had become king of England, but now he wanted them back. Malcolm was known as the 'Maiden' and did not marry, although it is thought he did have an illegitimate child. Malcolm died in his mid twenties and was succeeded by his brother William.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Henry (Earl of Huntingdon) ( - d.1152)
Mother:  de Warenne, Ada 
Malcolm (IV, Scottish King 1153-1165) (b.1142 - d.1165)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthAgeDetailsEvent Location
1153  Jun  11 Malcolm IV becomes King of the Scots Scone
   After the death of David I Malcolm became king. He was crowned at Scone.2 
1157    15 Malcolm IV surrenders land to Henry
   The areas of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland are surrendered by Malcolm IV, King of Scotland to Henry. The lands had been acquired by David I.3 
1161    19 Coupar Angus Abbey founded
   This Scottish Cistercian abbey was founded by Malcolm IV, King of Scotland. The monks that colonised it came from the abbey at Melrose.4 
1165  Dec  23 William I 'the Lion' becomes king of the Scots Scone
   On the death of Malcolm IV his brother, William, became the king of the Scots. William was crowned at Scone. 
       Mandeville, Geoffrey de (Earl of Essex) Died: 1144 
ne of the barons who during the reign of Stephen took advantage of the chaos to pillage and cause as much destruction as possible to further his own power and wealth. Mandeville had inherited the position of Constable of the Tower of London. When Stephen became king in 1135, Mandeville swore allegiance to the new king and was rewarded with the Earldom of Essex. During the first few years of Stephen's reign, Mandeville travelled with Stephen helping him put down revolts against the king. When Matilda took control of London in 1140, Mandeville was quick to change to her side to protect his interests. When king Stephen again took back control in 1141 again he changed sides, but his changing loyalties eventually led to his arrest and banishment. It was from 1141 until his death in 1144 that he became an outlaw.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1141  Jun  Matilda enters London London
   Matilda and her supporters entered London for her coronation. Her supporters included David I, king of the Scots. Geoffrey de Mandeville who controlled the Tower of London, abandoned his king as he saw Matilda had the upper hand. He joined her side and offered her the Tower of London. He did this to ensure he kept the Earldom of Essex which made him one of the most powerful barons of the time. 
1142    Mandeville and Matilda
   Secret negotiations between Matilda and Mandeville take place.5 
1143  Sep  Mandeville is arrested
   King Stephen arrested Geoffrey de Mandeville at a meeting of the Royal Court. Mandeville had tried Stephen's patience with his disloyalty and the king did not want the Tower of London (which Mandeville controlled) fall into the hands of Matilda. Mandevilles castles and title of Earl of Essex were taken from him, and he became an outlaw.5 
       Margaret Born: 1275 Died: 1318 
aughter of Edward I.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  EDWARD (I, King of England 1272-1307) (b.1239 - d.1307)
Mother:  Eleanor (of Castile) (b.1241 - d.1290) 
Margaret (b.1275 - d.1318)
       Margaret (daughter of Alexander III)  
aughter of Alexander III, King of Scotland. Married King Eric of Norway and their daughter was Margaret, the 'Maid of Norway'.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) ( - d.1286)
Mother:  Margaret ( - d.1275) 
Margaret (daughter of Alexander III)
     +Eric (King of Norway)
          =Margaret (Maid of Norway) (b.1283 - d.1290)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1266    Alexander III acquires the Hebrides
   Alexander, the King of the Scots exchanged his daughter in marriage to Eric, the King of Norway for the Hebrides.2 
1283  Apr  Birth of Margaret, Maid of Norway
   The birth of a daughter called Margaret to Eric, the young Norwegian King, and Margaret, the daughter of Alexander III. Margaret, the child's mother, died during childbirth. 
       Margaret (of Anjou) Born: 23 Mar 1429 Died: 25 Aug 1482 
argaret of Anjou was the wife of Henry VI. The marriage between the two was arranged as part of the Treaty of Tours in 1444 between Henry and Charles VII of France. Henry and Margaret were married in 1445. They had one child, Edward, who was born in 1453. Queen Margaret led the fight for the Lancastrians against the Yorkists while Henry was in captivity. See the timeline below for more information.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Margaret (of Anjou) (b.1429 - d.1482)
     +Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471)
          =Edward (of Lancaster, Prince of Wales) (b.1453 - d.1471)
               +Neville, Anne ( - d.1485)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthAgeDetailsEvent Location
1444  Apr  15 Treaty of Tours Tours, France
   A peace treaty signed between Henry VI of England and Charles VII of France. The treaty resulted in five years of peace between the two countries and included the arrangement of marriage between Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou.6 
  May 24  Betrothal of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
   To ensure peace between England and France the marriage between Henry VI and Margaret was arranged. 7 
1445  Apr 23  16 Marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey
   The marriage of the King of England to Margaret of Anjou had been arranged as part of the treaty signed at Tours to ensure peace between England and France.8 
  May 30  Margaret of Anjou crowned Westminster Abbey
   After a triumphant entrance to London a few days earlier Margaret stayed at the Tower of London for a few days before going to Westminster Abbey where she was crowned. 9 
1452  Mar  23 The Duke of York surrenders St. Paul's Cathedral
   The Queen had raised an army and with the King they met the Duke of York at Dartford. Outnumbered, York disbanded his army and surrendered to the King. He was taken to London and later at St. Paul's Cathedral he was forced to swear an oath saying he would not oppose the King.10 
1460  Summer  31 Queen Margaret flees to Wales Harlech Castle
   After the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton, Queen Margaret and her son Edward escaped to Wales and the safety of Harlech Castle.10 
  Dec 30  Battle of Wakefield Battle of Wakefield
   Queen Margaret had been building an army in the North and started attacking Yorkist held settlements. Richard left London with a small army to deal with the Queen. He had underestimated the Lancastrians and at his castle at Sandal Richard was confronted by superior forces. Although Richard sent word to the Earl of March for assistance he didn't wait and attacked. The battle left Richard Duke of York and his son Earl of Rutland dead. 
1461  Feb 17  32 Second Battle of St. Albans Battle of St.Albans
   The Lancastrians army led by the Queen met the Yorkist army led by Warwick at St. Albans. The Yorkist army was split in two and during the battle sections of the Yorkists defected to the Queen's side. The Yorkists were defeated and Warwick escaped. The King, who had been travelling with the Yorkists, was freed and he was reunited with his wife and son. 
  Feb 27  Yorkists enter London London
   Edward and Warwick were allowed to enter the city of London. The citizens of London had refused to let the Queen enter and so she returned north with the King. 
1462  Jun 28  33 Queen Margaret and Louis XI Calais, France
   Queen Margaret of England and Louis XI of France sign a treaty. Margaret promised that Calais would be his if he helped her return Henry to the throne.11 
  Oct 25  Queen Margaret invades Bamburgh Castle
   Queen Margaret landed near Bamburgh Castle on the Northumbrian coast with a small army. The main castles in the area, Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh surrendered to the Queen.11 
  Nov 13  Queen Margaret retreats to Scotland
   Edward acted quickly to Queen Margaret's arrival in the north. He raised a large army that marched towards Northumbria. Queen Margaret did not have the resources and local support required to fight Edward and so she decided to seek refuge in Scotland. A garrison of soldiers were left at the three Northumbrian castles. 
1463  Jul  34 Queen Margaret returns to France Norham
   Warwick took an army north to deal with the new threat from Queen Margaret. The Yorkists again proved too powerful for the Lancastrians and with her invasion plans in ruin Margaret decided to return to France. She took Prince Edward with her.10 
  Jul  Siege of Norham Castle
   Queen Margaret, Henry VI and Scottish support besieged the castle at Norham. King Edward failed to react to the problem and it was left to the Earls of Warwick and Northumberland to come to the castle's rescue. Henry, Margaret and the Scots fled. 
  Dec  English Truce with Scotland York Castle
   Edward IV agreed a truce with Scotland who had lost interest in fighting for the Lancastrians and Queen Margaret. The truce was signed at York and Edward spent Christmas in the city. 
1470    41 Marriage of Edward of Lancaster and Anne Neville
   The marriage between Edward of Lancaster, the son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, to Anne Neville, the daughter of Richard Neville the Kingmaker was a marriage to cement the agreement that Richard and Margaret would support each other and try to get Henry VI back on the English throne. The marriage took place in France where Margaret and Edward were exiled. 
  Jul 22  Warwick and the Lancastrians Angers Cathedral
   Louis XI, the French King devised a plan to remove Edward IV from the English throne. Louis persuaded the Earl of Warwick (a Yorkist) and Margaret of Anjou the exiled wife of Henry VI (a Lancastrian) to combine forces and attempt to over through Edward. Warwick and Margaret met on 22 July at Anger Cathedral to put their differences aside and to agree on a course of action. 
1471  Apr 14  42 Queen Margaret lands at Weymouth Weymouth
   Queen Margaret (wife of Henry VI) and her son Edward the prince of Wales landed at Weymouth on the very same day as the battle of Barnet. Their intention was to assist the Earl of Warwick, but she arrived too late. Determined to avenge the Barnet defeat, the Queen and her army marched north towards Wales and men she could count on to join her army. Edward had thought of this and to cut the Queen off from Wales, had taken control of the bridges across the River Severn. 
  May 4  The Battle of Tewkesbury Battle of Tewkesbury
   The Yorkists led by Edward and Richard met the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury. Richard was able to outflank the Lancastrians led by Edmund Beaufort, the self-proclaimed Duke of Somerset. Once Somerset's men had been dealt with, Richard attacked the rear of the Lancastrian line which broke apart and fled. Many of the Lancastrian leaders were caught and killed including Edward the Prince of Wales. Margaret of Anjou was also captured. 
1475  Aug  46 Peace treaty signed
   Louis and Edward agreed to a peace treaty to last seven years. The agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny meant Louis was to pay Edward an initial sum to leave France and a smaller yearly sum there-after. The French also paid a ransom to free Margaret of Anjou who had been held by the English since the Battle of Tewkesbury. 
1482  Aug 25  53 Death of Margaret of Anjou Angers Cathedral
   After being freed from captivity in 1475 Margaret had lived in France in some poverty. She died in 1482 and was buried in Angers Cathedral. Her tomb was destroyed in the French Revolution of 1789.7 
       Margaret (St. Margaret of Scotland) Died: Nov 1093 
ister of Edgar the Aetheling and married to Malcolm III, King of Scotland. Edgar had rebelled against William the Conqueror and had been forced to find safety at the court of Malcolm III, King of the Scots. Margaret had accompanied Edgar to Scotland. Malcolm was happy to assist Edgar and other Lords in the attempts to take land back from the Normans. Margaret was deeply religious and founded many churches including Dunfermline Abbey. Certain miracles are supposed to have occurred during her lifetime and after her death she was canonised and later made a patron saint of Scotland.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Edward (The Exile) (b.1016 - d.1057)
Mother:  Agatha (of Brunswick) 
Margaret (St. Margaret of Scotland) ( - d.1093)
     +Malcolm (III, Scottish King 1058-1093) ( - d.1093)
          =Edgar (King of Scotland 1097-1107) ( - d.1107)
          =Alexander (I, King of Scotland 1107-1124) (b.1077 - d.1124)
          |    +Sybilla (of Normandy) (b.1092 - d.1122)
          =David (I, King of Scotland 1124-1153) (b.1085 - d.1153)
          |    +Matilda (Wife of David I)
          |         =Henry (Earl of Huntingdon) ( - d.1152)
          |              +de Warenne, Ada
          |                   =Malcolm (IV, Scottish King 1153-1165) (b.1142 - d.1165)
          |                   =William (I, the Lion, King of Scotland 1165-1214) ( - d.1214)
          |                   =David (Earl of Huntingdon) ( - d.1219)
          =Matilda Edith (of Scotland)
          |    +Plantagenet, Henry (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135)
          |         =William (Adelin) (b.1103 - d.1120)
          |         =Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) (b.1102 - d.1167)
          |              +Geoffrey (Plantagenet, 'The Fair', Count of Anjou) ( - d.1151)
          |              |    =Henry (II, King of England 1154-1189) (b.1133 - d.1189)
          |              |    =Geoffrey (VI of Anjou)
          |              |    =William (Count of Paitin) (b.1136 - d.1164)
          |              +Henry (V of Germany)
          =Mary (Daughter of Malcolm III)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1070    Dunfermline Abbey founded Dunfermline Abbey
   The Abbey of Dunfermline was founded by Malcolm III, King of the Scots and his wife Margaret. 
1093  Nov 16  Death of Margaret of Scotland Alnwick Castle
   Margaret of Scotland died only days after her son and husband had been killed at Alnwick. 
       Margaret (Tudor, Daughter of Henry VII) Born: 1489 Died: 1541 
argaret Tudor was the daughter of Henry VII and married James IV of Scotland in August of 1503.

Family Tree Details
Father:  Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509)
Mother:  Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503) 
Margaret (Tudor, Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541)
     +James (IV King of Scotland 1488-1513) (b.1473 - d.1513)
     |    =James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542)
     |         +Mary (of Guise) ( - d.1560)
     |         |    =Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587)
     |         |         +Francis (II, King of France 1559-1560) (b.1544 - d.1560)
     |         |         +Henry (Lord Darnley) (b.1546 - d.1567)
     |         |              =James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England) (b.1566 - d.1625)
     |         +Erskine, Margaret (Lady)
     |              =Stewart, James (1st Earl of Moray) (b.1531 - d.1570)
     +Douglas, Archibald (Earl of Angus) ( - d.1557)
          =Douglas, Margaret ( - d.1578)
               +Stewart, Matthew (Earl of Lennox) ( - d.1571)
                    =Henry (Lord Darnley) (b.1546 - d.1567)
                    |    +Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587)
                    |         =James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England) (b.1566 - d.1625)
                    =Stewart, Charles (Earl of Lennox) ( - d.1576)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthAgeDetailsEvent Location
1489  Nov  Birth of Margaret
   Henry VII's and Elizabeth's second child was born.12 
1503  Jun  14 Henry VII escorts Margaret to Scotland
   Henry VII and his eldest daughter started their journey to Scotland where the arranged marriage between Margaret and the Scottish King James IV would take place. Margaret was only fourteen years old. 
  Aug 8  Marriage of James IV and Margaret Holyrood Palace
   The marriage of the 30 year old Scottish king to the 14 year old daughter of Henry VI, Margaret took place at Holyrood house in Edinburgh. 
       Marshal, Richard (Earl of Pembroke) Died: Apr 1234 
on of William Marshal who became Earl of Pembroke when his elder brother died in 1231. Richard rebelled against Henry III and Peter de Roches (Bishop of Winchester) and Peter de Rivaux (Justiciar) who had taken control of the countries finances against the rules laid down by the Magna Carta. After a brief war, Richard was murdered in Ireland.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1233    Earl of Pembroke's revolt
   Richard, Earl of Pembroke in alliance with Llewelyn of Wales join forces to fight Henry III. (Details required).3 
       Marshal, William (Earl of Pembroke) Died: 1219 
eginning penniless, William Marshal became an important figure, respected by Henry II, Richard I and king John. At the age of at least seventy he led forces against Louis VIII of France to assist a nine-year old Henry III retain his throne.

At the age of five or six William was given to King Stephen as a hostage. Stephen's kindness prevented William's death. William was trained as a squire in the Tancarville family, an important family in Normandy. William's allegiance to Henry II and his sons, the Young King and Richard (I) is complicated, swapping sides from time to time, but he had the respect of them all. William was also loyal to king John, supporting him against his many enemies. When king John died, William was named as the guardian of John's son Henry (III), saying that 'the land will never be held by anyone except with his help'. After the death of king John, William re-issued the Magna Carta in 1216 to re-affirm the power of the monarchy and he removed any reference that might impose restrictions on this. In 1217 the Magna Carta again was amended to clarify the feudal content. William assisted Henry III retain the throne when it was under threat from Louis VIII of France.

When William married Isabel de Clare the heiress of the Earl of Pembroke he took the title as well as ownership of Pembroke Castle. William started major reconstruction work at the castle in stone.

William Marshal died in 1219 leaving the country united under the monarchy. His eldest son, also called William, inherited the title of Earl of Pembroke. William Marshall is buried in the round church of the London Temple and his tomb can still be seen there.

 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1152    William Marshal as hostage
   At the age of five or six, William Marshal was handed over to King Stephen as a hostage. Instead of being killed, which was possible, William began a new life that would make him a knight. 13 
1185  Apr  John in Ireland
   John accepted the post of Lord or Ireland and travelled there to take control. He was around eighteen years old and took his friends of the same age with him. They treated the native Irish barons with contempt and the English soldiers were unable to subdue the Irish fighters in unfamiliar conditions and the mission soon became a complete disaster. By the end of the year John returned to England. William Marshal, the Earl of Pembroke was entrusted with the task of controlling Ireland. 
1189    William Marshal and Chepstow Castle Chepstow Castle
   In 1189 William Marshal married Isabel (Isabella), the heiress of Earl Richard de Clare. Isabel's castles passed to William including Pembroke Castle.14 
  Jul 6  Henry II Dies Chinon, France
   Henry II died at Chinon and was buried in the choir church of Fontevrault. Richard became King of England. William Marshal, who served under Henry II and was favoured by Richard, was sent to England to prepare for Richard's arrival.15 
1199  May  Important Appointments
   John chose people to help him run the country. He appointed the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, as Chancellor. Geoffrey fitz Peter was chosen as Justiciar and William, Earl of Pembroke, became Marshal of John's household.16 
1204    Goodrich given to William Marshal Goodrich Castle
   King John gave Goodrich castle to William Marshal on his marriage to the heiress of the earldom of Pembroke.17 
    William Marshall captures Cilgerran
   William Marshall captured the Welsh castle at Cilgerran in Pembrokeshire from the Welsh. 
  Spring  Peace negotiations with France
   After losing Normandy to the French, John sent an embassy to France to negotiate with Philippe. In the party that went from England were Hubert Walter and William Marshal. The negotiations failed due to Philippe's demands.16 
1205  Summer  More castles fall to the French
   The castles at Chinon and Loches both fell to the French as Philippe strengthened his position. Again William Marshall travelled to see Philippe to agree peace terms, but his attempts were destroyed by Hubert Walter who sent a secret letter to Philippe telling him not to accept William Marshal's promise that John would do homage to Philippe. (What's going on here?)16 
1207    Marshall inherits the lands of Leinster in Ireland
   As Earl of Pembroke, William Marshall inherited the lands of Leinster in Ireland. The link between Pembroke and Leinster started when Richard de Clare married the daughter of the King of Leinster in 1170. 
1212  Nov  John accepts Pope's demands
   Taking the advice of William Marshal John accepted the demands of the Pope and that Stephen Langton should become Archbishop. A peace mission was also sent to the Pope.16 
1215  May 27  A truce is sought
   Stephen Langton and William Marshall attempted to get the Barons and John to meet and find a settlement to the civil war. 16 
1217  May 20  Battle of Lincoln Lincoln Castle
   Henry III's supporters defeated the forces belonging to Prince Louis and the rebel barons that were besieging the castle at Lincoln. 
  Sep 12  Treaty of Kingston London
   The defeat of the French fleet left Prince Louis without much hope of taking the English throne. William Marshall blockaded London from the sea and land and at Lambeth Louis accepted peace terms. Louis waived his claim to the throne of England and should have restored Normandy to Henry but did not. Louis was paid 10,000 marks to ensure he left the country as soon as possible. William Marshall pardoned all those who had supported Louis. 
1219    William Marshal dies
   William Marshal is succeeded by Peter de Roches, Bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh who was Justiciary. 
       Marshal, William (the younger)  
eed to find out about.

Family Tree Details
Marshal, William (the younger)
     +Eleanor (Daughter of King John) (b.1215 - d.1275)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1220    Llewelyn raids Pembrokeshire
   Llewelyn, the Prince of Wales, began raiding Pembrokeshire to retake land that he accused William Marshall, the younger, of stealing.18 
1222    William the younger retakes his castles
   Llewelyn, the Prince of Wales, had captured the castles at Carmarthen and Cardigan but both were recaptured by William Marshall, the younger.18 
1223    Cilgerran Castle recaptured
   William Marshall, the younger, recaptured the castle at Cilgerran from Llewelyn ap Iorwerth. 
       Mary (of Champagne) Born: 1145 
ary (Marie) was the first of two daughters of King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Family Tree Details
Father:  Louis (VII, The Young, King of France, 1137-1180) (b.1121 - d.1180)
Mother:  Eleanor (of Aquitaine) (b.1122 - d.1204) 
Mary (of Champagne) (b.1145 - )
       Mary (of Guise) Died: Jun 1560 
ary of Guise of France married James V, king of Scotland. Mary gave birth to two sons, James and Arthur but they both died within a couple of years. Their third child was a girl who they called Mary and became Queen of Scots after James' death.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Mary (of Guise) ( - d.1560)
     +James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542)
          =Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) (b.1542 - d.1587)
               +Francis (II, King of France 1559-1560) (b.1544 - d.1560)
               +Henry (Lord Darnley) (b.1546 - d.1567)
                    =James (VI of Scotland, 1567-1625, from 1603 James I of England) (b.1566 - d.1625)
                         +Anne (of Denmark, Queen Consort of Scotland) (b.1574 - d.1619)
                              =Henry Frederick (Prince of Wales) (b.1594 - d.1612)
                              =Elizabeth (Queen Consort of Bohemia) (b.1596 - d.1662)
                              =Charles (I, King of England and Scotland 1625-1649) (b.1600 - d.1649)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1542  Dec 8  Birth of Mary, Queen of Scots Linlithgow Palace
   Mary was born at Linlithgow Palace in West Lothian, Scotland. She was the daughter of James V, king of Scotland and Mary of Guise, from France. James V died a week after Mary was born and she became Queen of Scotland. 
1547  Jul  Capture of the castle at St. Andrews St Andrews Castle
   After a lengthy siege failed to take the well defended castle at St. Andrews, Mary of Guise asked the French for help. The castle at St. Andrews was captured and the Protestant leaders and John Knox were taken into custody.19 
1548  Jul  The French arrive in Scotland
   The request of the Scottish Regent, Mary of Guise, for help to fight the English was answered by the arrival of a army of several thousand French. The assistance came on condition that her daughter Mary should marry the French Dauphin, Francis.20 
1557  Dec  The Lords of the Congregation
   A group of Scottish Lords signed a covenant promising to support the advancement 'the most blessed Word of God' and to push forward the Reformation in Scotland. This was a move against what they saw as the threat from France with that came from the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the French Dauphin. They called themselves the Lords of the Congregation.20 
1560  Jun  Death of Mary of Guise
   Mary Stuart's mother, Mary of Guise, died in Scotland leaving the country in a state of civil war.21 
       Mary (Tudor, Queen of France) Born: 1495 Died: 1533 
rincess Mary was the daughter of Henry VII and the younger sister of Henry VIII. It was usual for the daughters of Kings to be married into other royal families to strengthen political ties. Mary was no exception and it was planned for her to marry Prince Charles, Duke of Burgundy (the future Holy Roman Emperor). The plans fell through and she was married to the 52 year-old French King Louis XII. Mary was unhappy about the forced marriage because she was in love with Charles Brandon, the Duke of Suffolk. Henry VIII may have promised Mary that she could marry Suffolk after the death of Louis XII. Louis died eleven months after the marriage. After the King's death, Mary ran away a secretly married the Duke. The two were caught and fined but Henry gave them consent to marry and they wed at Greenwich in the presence of King Henry VIII and Queen Catherine.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509)
Mother:  Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503) 
Mary (Tudor, Queen of France) (b.1495 - d.1533)
     +Louis (XII, King of France) ( - d.1515)
     +Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) (b.1485 - d.1545)
          =Frances (Lady)
          |    +Grey, Henry (Duke of Suffolk) ( - d.1554)
          |         =Grey, Jane (Lady) (b.1537 - d.1554)
          |         =Grey, Catherine (Lady)
          =Clifford, Eleanor (Lady) ( - d.1547)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthAgeDetailsEvent Location
1514  Aug  19 Louis XII marries Princess Mary
   A peace treaty was negotiated by Thomas Wolsey with France. One of the terms was that Louis XII of France would marry Princess Mary, the younger sister Henry VIII. Louis died only a few months later. 
1515  Jan 1  20 Death of Louis XII
   Louis XII died at the age of 52 leaving Mary a widow. His nephew, Francis, became the next king of France. 
  Feb  Princess Mary secretly marries
   Princess Mary ran away with Charles Brandon after the death of Louis XII. They were secretly married but caught and forced to pay a fine. 
  May 13  Mary and Suffolk marry Greenwich Palace
   Princess Mary, the younger sister of Henry VIII, married Charles Brandon, the Duke of Suffolk at Greenwich. Henry VIII gave full consent to the marriage. 
       Melisende (of Jerusalem) Born: circa 1105 Died: 11 Sep 1161 
elisende was the daughter of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem. Baldwin had no sons to succeed him as king so he decided to find a French nobleman to marry Melisende his eldest daughter and take the throne. It was decided that Fulk V, count of Anjou should marry Melisende and he gave up his title in Anjou to become the King of Jerusalem. Fulk married Melisende in Jerusalem in 1129 and Fulk became King of Jerusalem when Baldwin died in 1131. Fulk and Melisende had two sons, Baldwin and Amalric, both of whom would become Kings of Jerusalem in their own right. When Fulk died in 1143 Melisende took control of the Kingdom as her eldest son Baldwin was not old enough to rule unaided.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Melisende (of Jerusalem) (b.1105 - d.1161)
     +Fulk (V, of Anjou) ( - d.1143)
          =Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162) (b.1131 - d.1162)
          =Amalric (I, King of Jerusalem, 1162 - 1174) (b.1136 - d.1174)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthAgeDetailsEvent Location
1129    24 Fulk V marries Melisende Jerusalem
   Fulk V married Melisende, the heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk gave up his title of Count of Anjou which passed to his son Geoffrey Plantagenet. 
1131    26 Fulk V becomes King of Jerusalem Jerusalem
   King Baldwin of Jerusalem died and Fulk V, who had married the King's daughter Melisende, became the King of Jerusalem.22 
1143    38 Baldwin III becomes king of Jerusalem
   When his father Fulk died, Baldwin became king of Jerusalem. But at only 13 years of age Baldwin was too young to rule unaided. He was made co-ruler of the Crusader state along side his mother Melisende. 
1152    47 Baldwin III demands self rule
   Baldwin III was old enough to rule Jerusalem unaided and demanded that the control he shared with his mother was ended. This split the Crusader state and led to civil war. 
       Michiel, Domenico (Doge of Venice) Died: 1130 
omenico Michiel (or Michele) became Doge of Venice in 1118 after the death of Odelafo Falier who was killed as Zara during a battle. When John II Comnenus became the emperor of Byzantine he scrapped the treaty signed in 1082 that had given the Venetians favourable trading rights. In return Doge Michiel took a fleet of ships and besieged the island of Corfu.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1122  Aug  Venetians besiege Corfu Corfu
   In retaliation for the removal of their trading rights agreed in the treaty of 1082 by the emperor of Byzantine, John II, the Venetians led by Doge Michiel began a long siege of the island of Corfu.23 
1123  May  Egyptian navy destroyed off Ascalon Ascalon
   The Venetian fleet arrived at Ascalon and instantly set about attacking the Egyptian fleet. The Egyptian fleet was totally destroyed or captured.23 
       Montfort, Henry de Died: 1265 
enry de Montfort was the eldest son of Simon de Montfort and took part in the conflict with his father against King Henry III in the Second Barons' War. Henry was killed at the battle of Evesham along with his father.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Montfort, Simon de ( - d.1265)
Mother:  Eleanor (Daughter of King John) (b.1215 - d.1275) 
Montfort, Henry de ( - d.1265)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1265    Hawaden Castle attacked by the Welsh Hawarden Castle
   LLewelyn attacked Hawarden Castle because Henry de Montfort had promised to hand the castle over to the Welsh but had failed to honour the agreement.14 
       Montfort, Simon de Died: 4 Aug 1265 
ing John had confiscated the lands in Leicestershire from Simon de Montfort's father in 1207. Simon was granted the lands back by Henry III in 1231 and in January of 1238, Simon married Henry's sister Eleanor. As Earl of Leicester and a brother-in-law to the King, Simon held and important and powerful position. When Henry's attempts to retake Piotou failed in 1242, It was Simon who had to rescue the King. Simon's power grew and the king granted him castles including Kenilworth. in 1258, Henry's finances came under criticism as he was spending more money than he had and at a time when harvests had failed. A group of barons including Simon began to speak out against their king and they confronted Henry at Westminster and forced him and his son Edward (later Edward I) to comply with their wishes. There were seven main leaders of the Barons, Richard de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), John Fitz Geoffrey, Roger Bigod (Earl of Norfolk), Hugh Bigod (Roger's brother), Peter of Savoy, Peter de Montfort (not a relation of Simon), and finally Simon de Montfort. At Oxford in June of 1258, it was agreed that a council of fifteen would advise Henry on his finances. Unfortunately, the council could not agree amongst themselves and it disbanded allowing Henry to regain control. At this point, Simon left for France where he was safer.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Montfort, Simon de ( - d.1265)
     +Eleanor (Daughter of King John) (b.1215 - d.1275)
          =Montfort, Henry de ( - d.1265)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1207    Earl of Leicester loses land
   King John took the land of the Earl of Leicester (father of Simon de Montfort) and banished him from England.24 
1231  Aug 13  Simon de Montfort takes possession of his land
   Henry III ordered the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorset and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, the Earl of Leicester.24 
1236  Jan 4  Henry marries
   Henry married Eleanor, one of four daughters of Raymond count of Provence. Eleanor was 14 years old. Simon de Montfort, as Lord High Steward, took care of the banquet and kitchen arrangements.24 
1238  Jan  Simon marries Henry's sister
   Simon de Montfort married Henry III's sister, Eleanor secretly. She had been married to William, Earl of Pembroke (son of William Marshal?), but he died early and left her with his wealth. The Barons were not happy with this arrangement as they were not consulted.24 
1239  Jun  Edward (I) is born Palace of Westminster
   Edward was the first son born to Henry III and Eleanor of Provence and was born at the Palace of Westminster. Simon de Montfort was chosen as his godfather by Henry III.24 
1242    Henry's finances are criticised
   Simon de Montfort is one a twelve man council who met to work out Henry's finances. Henry was criticised for his excesses.24 
    Henry tries to retake Poitou
   Isabella, Henry's mother persuaded Henry to mount an expedition to retake Poitou. Unable to get money directly from the barons, Henry resorted to extort money from them individually instead (how?). The expedition failed, and after being rescued the Earls of Leicester, Salisbury and Norfolk, Henry retreated to Bordeaux where they spent the winter.24 
1243  Spring  Simon de Montfort gets custody of Kenilworth castle Kenilworth Castle
   Henry III bestowed the custody of Kenilworth castle to Simon de Montfort. Simon's wife Eleanor (Henry's sister) already owned Odiham Castle so Simon had two of the strongest fortresses in England under his control.24 
1258    Barons confront Henry Palace of Westminster
   The seven were joined by many more Barons and Knights and they confronted Henry III at Westminster. Although armed, the Barons did leave their weapons outside the hall. Henry and his son Edward were forced to take the oath to join the commune of Barons and to accept their wished. Henry agreed to meet again with the Barons at Oxford in June.13 
  Apr 12  Henry is opposed by the Barons
   For many years, Henry had been living beyond the means of the country and with the failure of both harvests and Henry's will to amend his ways, a group of Barons rose up against him. Seven Barons first signed an oath and formed a commune in which they swore to look after each others interests. The seven were Richard de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), John Fitz Geoffrey, Roger Bigod (Earl of Norfolk), Hugh Bigod (Roger's brother), Peter of Savoy, Peter de Montfort (not a relation of Simon), and finally Simon de Montfort.13 
  Jun  Provisions of Oxford Oxford
   The barons and Henry III met at Oxford where fully armed, the barons showed Henry that he had no choice but to reform the way the country was being run. A council of fifteen members was set to advise the king. The fifteen were selected by a committee of four, two from the barons and two from the king. The new council was not to last long as the members could not agree amongst themselves on courses of action and by 1260 it had broken up. The reformers and royalists were to take up arms and meet in civil war.24 
  Jun  Odiham and Kenilworth handed over to the King Odiham Castle
Kenilworth Castle
   As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort handed over his castles at Odiham and Kenilworth as part of the proposals put forward in the Provisions of Oxford. 
1263    Edward joins Simon de Montfort
   At this time, Edward (to become Edward I), met up with Simon de Montfort and came under his influence. Edward, knights Simon's two eldest sons. This friendship was not to last. 
  Jun  Simon's forces do much damage
   Moving firstly westward from the stronghold of one of Henry's supporters to another, Simon de Montfort's forces did much damage, even though Simon had ordered that no sacred place should be attacked. Simon then moved towards the south east coast ports to secure them. By the end of June he had reached Dover, its inhabitants welcoming him.24 
1264    Pevensey Castle siege
   Following the defeat at the Battle of Lewes, Henry III's supporters fled and took refuge in Pevensey Castle. Simon de Montfort's son, laid siege to the castle, but could not take it. 
    Army at Barham Down
   At a camp near Canterbury, called Barham Down, the supporters of Simon de Montfort gather an army and hold it there to fend off a possible invasion from Henry III's supporters. 
    Siege of Rochester Castle
   A force led by Simon de Montfort besieged Rochester Castle for several days but the castle did not fall. He left a small number of men to continue the siege but they were attacked and fled.25 
    Beeston Castle occupied Beeston Castle
   During this year forces belonging to Simon de Montfort occupied and controlled the important Beeston Castle.14 
  May  Henry's war with the Barons
   The civil war between Henry III and the barons. The barons wanted to limit Henry's power and to sort out his finances which were a drain of the barons' resources. The cause was led by Simon de Montfort. 
  May 14  Battle of Lewes Lewes Castle
   Simon de Montfort surprises Henry III and Edward (I), with early movements of his troops on the hills above the castle. Henry and Richard of Cornwall defend the centre and left of the castle, but Edward attacks the lighter armed Londoners to the right and forcing them to flee, follows them off the battle site. When he returns, he finds that Henry is trapped in the priory and gives himself up in exchange for his father's release. 
  Jun  Simon summons Parliament
   From a provisional administration consisting of Simon himself, the Earl of Gloucester and the Bishop of Chichester, a council of 9 were chosen to advise the king. From these 9, 3 were to be with the king at all times.24 
1265  Jan 20  Ordinary people's Parliament
   Simon calls a Parliament where for the first time ordinary people were brought to represent the country.24 
  Feb  The Barons split
   The Earl of Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare organised a tournament where Simon's sons were invited to attend. Angry that de Clare could put his sons in a position of danger where a murderer could take advantage, he stopped the games. Simon and Gilbert fall out and Gilbert moves his allegiance to the king causing a split in the Barons loyalties.24 
  Summer  Armies march
   Simon's son was sent to London to raise money and troops. He diverted back through Winchester which was loyal to the king and then moved through Oxford and Northampton. Edward (I) moved from Worcester to Bridgnorth destroying bridges and means of allowing Simon who was on the Welsh side of the Avon from crossing back. The people of Bristol, friendly to Simon's cause sent ships to Newport to help Simon cross, but they were intercepted and destroyed by Edward.24 
  Aug 1  Younger Simon attacked at Kenilworth Kenilworth Castle
   Simon's son was attacked at Kenilworth during the night being taken completely by surprise and having no chance to defend himself. They had decided to stay in the village rather than in the castle. The younger Simon managed to reach the safety of the castle. 
  Aug 4  Battle of Evesham Evesham Abbey
   Using the banners of Simon's son captured at Kenilworth, Edward (I) approached Simon's position at Evesham. Simon was hemmed in the bend of the river Avon and forced to fight. Simon was defeated and killed. Simon's youngest son took refuge in Kenilworth castle , where prepared for a long siege, managed to hold out until December 1267.24 
       Montgomery, Roger de  
oger de Montgomery was a powerful Norman baron who came across from Normandy with William the Conqueror. Montgomery built the castle at Arundel. William gave Montgomery control of the Welsh areas around Shrewsbury and the title Earl of Shrewsbury. Montgomery built a castle in the town for its defence.
 See Also
       Morcar (Earl of Northumbria)  
orcar (Morkere) took part in the 1065 rebellion against the then Earl of Northumbria, Tostig and forced Tostig out. Morcar then became the Earl of Northumbria. At the battle of Gate Fulford in September of 1066 Morcar was beaten by the invading Harold Hardrada. After the Norman Invasion, Morcar accepted William as King, but later on joined Hereward the Wake's rebellion against the king on the Isle of Ely. Morcar was captured and imprisoned. He died in prison.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1065  Oct  Morcar becomes Earl of Northumbria
   A rebellion against Tostig, Earl of Northumbria leads to Tostig fleeing to Flanders and Morcar becoming the new Earl. 
1071    William puts down the revolt Ely Cathedral
   The rebels Hereward the Wake and Morcar on the Isle of Ely were attacked and defeated by William the Conqueror. 
       Mortimer, Anne (daughter of Roger, Earl of March)  
See Also

Family Tree Details
Mortimer, Anne (daughter of Roger, Earl of March)
     +Richard (Earl of Cambridge) ( - d.1415)
          =Richard (Duke of York) (b.1411 - d.1460)
               +Neville, Cecily (Duchess of York) ( - d.1495)
                    =Edward (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483) (b.1442 - d.1483)
                    |    +Woodville, Elizabeth ( - d.1492)
                    |         =Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503)
                    |         =Edward (V, King of England 1483) (b.1470 - d.1483)
                    |         =Richard (Duke of York, Prince in the Tower) ( - d.1483)
                    |         =Cecily (Daughter of Edward IV) (b.1469 - d.1507)
                    =George (Duke of Clarence) (b.1449 - d.1478)
                    |    +Neville, Isabel ( - d.1476)
                    |         =Plantagenet, Edward (Earl of Warwick) ( - d.1499)
                    |         =Margaret (Countess of Salisbury) ( - d.1541)
                    =Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485)
                    |    +Neville, Anne ( - d.1485)
                    |         =Edward (Prince of Wales, son of Richard III) (b.1473 - d.1484)
                    =Elizabeth (Daughter of Richard, Duke of York)
                    |    +Pole, John de la (Duke of Suffolk) ( - d.1491)
                    |         =Pole, John de la (Earl of Lincoln) ( - d.1487)
                    |         =Pole, Edmund de la (Earl of Suffolk) ( - d.1513)
                    |         =Pole, Richard de la ( - d.1525)
                    =Margaret (of York, sister of Edward IV) (b.1446 - )
       Mortimer, Edmund Died: Mar 1409 
dmund was the youngest son of Edmund Mortimer, the 3rd Earl of March and Philippa Plantagenet.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Mortimer, Edmund (3rd Earl of March) ( - d.1381)
Mother:  Philippa (daughter of Lionel Duke of Clarence) 
Mortimer, Edmund ( - d.1409)
     +Glendower, Katherine
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1402  Jun 22  Battle of Pilleth
   Edmund Mortimer's army met Owen Glendower at Pilleth near Whitton in central Wales. Mortimer's army was badly defeated and Mortimer was captured. Glendower offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom, but Henry IV refused to pay. 
  Sep 14  Battle of Homildon Hill
   The armies of the Percies and the Scots met at Homildon Hill near Wooler in Northumberland. The Scots were defeated and the Scots' leader the Earl of Douglas was captured. Henry IV wanted Douglas handed over but Hotspur refused. Hotspur was angry with the English king who had refused to pay a ransom for Edmund Mortimer who had been captured by Owen Glendower and who was a friend of Hotspur's. 
1405  Feb  Glendower's agreement
   Owen Glendower, Edmund Mortimer and the Earl of Northumberland combine forces and share the same goal of removing Henry IV. They agreed to divide England and Wales in three, Owen taking Wales and the west of England, the Earl to take the north of England and the north Midlands. Mortimer could have the rest. 
1409  Mar  Harlech falls to the English Harlech Castle
   The Welsh in Harlech Castle surrender to the English and the revolt of Welsh comes to an end. Edmund Mortimer was killed. 
       Mortimer, Edmund (5th Earl of March) Born: 1391 Died: 1425 
dmund was directly descended from Edward III via Lionel and when Richard II died became the true heir to the English throne but Henry IV took the throne for himself. During Henry's reign there were several revolts which planned to overthrow Henry and place Edmund on the throne.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Mortimer, Roger (4th Earl of March) (b.1374 - d.1398)
Mother:  Holland, Eleanor (Wife of Roger, Earl of March) 
Mortimer, Edmund (5th Earl of March) (b.1391 - d.1425)
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthAgeDetailsEvent Location
1403    12 Revolt of the Percies
   The Percies, led by the Earl of Northumberland and Hotspur announced their intent to revolt against Henry IV. They even promised to free the Scots they had captured at the battle of Homildon if the Scots assisted in the revolt. The plan was to join forces with Owen Glendower and support the claim of the young Edmund Mortimer 5th Earl of March to the English throne. 
1415  Aug 1  24 Plot to overthrow the King
   Led by Richard Earl of Cambridge, Henry's cousin, a plot to assassinate the King and replace him with the Earl of March who was the true heir to the throne was hatched. The revolt brought together all the old enemies of Henry including Lord Scrope (Archbishop Scrope's nephew) and the Lollards. The Earl of March whose loyalties were with the king informed Henry of the plot the night before and the rebels were arrested. Several were executed. 
       Mortimer, Roger (of Wigmore) Died: Oct 1330 
oger Mortimer was a Marcher Lord who supported the Earl of Lancaster's fight against Edward II. After the battle of Boroughbridge and the defeat of Lancaster Mortimer was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. After the Parliament at York in May 1322 many of the Lancastrian rebels were executed as traitors but some, including Mortimer, were spared and remained in prison. In late 1323 Mortimer was able to escape from the Tower by supplying his guards with large amounts of liquor and then climbing down a rope. He fled to France where he joined Queen Isabella's cause against her husband, Edward II, and the Despensers. In 1326 Isabella and Mortimer, now her lover, sailed to England. Edward II had to flee from London where the inhabitants were against him but welcomed Isabella. Isabella and Mortimer chased Edward to Bristol. Edward II was forced to abdicate and his son Edward III became King of England. In 1330 Edward III became old enough to reign in his own right. He arrested Mortimer for the crimes against his father and Mortimer was executed.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1323  Autumn  Mortimer escapes from the Tower Tower of London
   Mortimer of Wigmore escaped from the Tower of London.26 
1325  Mar  Isabella leaves for France
   Isabella travelled to France to see King Charles IV her brother. Her mission was to bring to an end the disputes over land between France and England. The King agreed to the English reclaiming the lands of Gascony and Ponthieu as long as Edward came to Paris and paid homage. In Paris Isabella met Roger Mortimer who had recently escaped from the Tower of London. She fell in love with him.26 
1326  Sep  Isabella and Mortimer land to take the throne Orwell
   Isabella, the wife of Edward II and her supporters including Mortimer landed at Orwell in Suffolk. Their aim was to remove Edward II from his throne and place Prince Edward there as the new king. Isabella had no problem in raising an army from those opposed to the King and they advanced on London. Although Edward was in the Tower of London the rest of London was against him and he decided to leave the city and head west with his supporters including the Despensers and the Earl of Winchester. 
1330  Mar  Execution of Edmund, Earl of Kent
   Mortimer arrested Edmund, Earl of Kent for openly opposing Queen Isabella and Mortimer himself. This act was the catalyst for Edward II to arrest Mortimer for treason. 
  Oct 19  Arrest of Mortimer Nottingham Castle
   Edward III ordered the arrest of Roger Mortimer. The King and some loyal supporters entered Nottingham Castle via a secret passage in the rocks and Roger Mortimer was arrested. 
  Nov 29  Execution of Roger Mortimer Palace of Westminster
   Mortimer was tried before Parliament and executed. 
       Mowbray, Robert  
obert Mowbray was a Norman Baron who rose up in rebellion against William Rufus several times. He joined the rebellion in 1088 led by Odo, bishop of Bayeux, attacking Bath. In 1095 Mowbray attacked four merchant ships from Norway. William Rufus demanded to see Mowbray but instead Mowbray rose up in revolt supported by Roger de Lacy, Gilbert de Clare and William de Eu. Rufus captured the rebels and their main castles at Tynemouth and Bamborough. Mowbray was imprisoned and the other barons were heavily fined or had their lands confiscated.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1095    Robert Mowbray's Rebellion
   After attacking four merchant ships Robert Mowbray was called for by William Rufus to explain his actions. Instead Mowbray rose up in rebellion against the king along with other powerful Norman Barons. 
       Murchadha, Diarmait mac (King of Leinster)  
r Dermot. Dermot was the King of Leinster, an area of eastern Ireland. He was in conflict with Tighernan O Ruairc, another ruler in the region. In 1166 Dermot was defeated by Tighernan and exiled to England. Dermot needed help if he was to retake his homeland and so he approached Henry II. Henry did not want to get directly involved but allowed Dermot to raise an army from the Welsh and English people he could find to help him. The most important person Dermot found to help him was Richard de Clare 'Strongbow', the Earl of Pembroke. Strongbow agreed to help in return for Dermot's daughter's hand in marriage and to rule Leinster after Dermot's death. The medieval historian Gerald of Wales described Dermot as 'He was tall of stature and stout of build. A man of warlike spirit and a brave one in his nation, with a voice hoarse from shouting in battle. One who preferred to be feared rather than to be loved, who put down the nobles and raised up the lowly, who was a tyrant to his own people and hated by strangers. His hand was against every man and every man's hand was against his'.
 See Also
Mini Timeline (Ages are approximate)

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1166    Dermot exiled from Ireland
   Dermot, the King of Leinster in eastern Ireland, was defeated in battle by Tighernan O Ruairc, another ruler in the region. Dermot was exiled and went to Normandy and the court of Henry II of England to ask for assistance in retaking his lands. Henry gave Dermot permission to find a willing army from either England or Wales and so Dermot approached Richard de Clare, the Earl of Pembroke who agreed to help in return for several demands. These demands were Dermot's daughter's hand in marriage and to rule Leinster after Dermot died.18 
1167  Aug  Dermot returns to Ireland
   Dermot returned to Ireland but without an army. He was unable to retake Leinster and had to wait until the forces he had been promised arrived from Wales.18 
1169  May  Dermot retakes Leinster Bannow, Ireland
   Some the men promised to assist Dermot in Ireland landed at Bannow with the sons of Nesta. The poorly protected Irish warriors were no match for the armoured knights and archers that arrived from Wales. By the end of the year Leinster fell and Dermot once again became the King. After his victory Dermot was not satisfied with just ruling Leinster but wanted to become High King of Ireland. To fulfil his ambitions he had to wait for the arrival of Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, for that to be a possibility.18 
1170  May  Raymond de Gros lands in Ireland Waterford
   Raymond de Gros arrived in Ireland in support of Dermot a few months ahead of Strongbow. He landed at Waterford and constructed a fort in which he and his men prepared for the arrival of the Earl. 
  Aug  Ireland attacked by Earl of Pembroke
   Richard de Clare, the Earl of Pembroke, invaded Ireland with 200 knights in armour and up to a 1,000 foot-soldiers capturing Waterford easily and then Dublin on behalf of Dermot, the King of Leinster. 
1171  Spring  Death of Dermot, King of Leinster
   The agreement between the Earl of Pembroke and Dermot, the King of Leinster, was that if the Earl helped the King retake Leinster the Earl would become the ruler of Leinster when Dermot died. When the king died in the spring of 1171 the agreement fell apart due to the lack of support from Dermot's tribesmen. The tribesmen elected a nephew of Dermot's as the new king instead.18 
Selection of references used:

1. Rebecca Stefoff, Ferdinand Magellan, the Discovery of the World Ocean, ISBN 0-7910-1291-3
2. Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, 0 85097 184 5
3. M.T.Clanchy, England and its Rulers
4. Various, The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain, 1998, 0-7134-8392-X
5. Derek Wilson, The Tower (1078 - 1978)
6. J R Lander, The War of the Roses, 0-75090-018-0
7. John Mescal, Obl.O.S.B., M.A., LL.B., F.R.S.A, Henry VI
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26. Caroline Bingham, The Life and Times of Edward II

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