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Explore the White Tower

Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.

A Medieval Mystery

There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.

1: Location

Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.

2: Alignment

Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.

3: Size

Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?

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3D/VR

Virtual Buildings

Transport yourself back up to a thousand years and explore historical buildings as they may have appeared in the past.

1126 .. 1150
Please note that the TimeRef website is currently being redesigned.

Timeline Navigation

 
Twelfth Century

209 Historical events occurring between 1126 and 1150

Years: 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150

1126

English Regnal years: 26 Henry I - 27 Henry I
 
Births

Baldwin (of Boulogne) (b.1126 - d.1135)

 
Deaths

Edgar (The Aetheling) (b.1052 - d.1126)

...
Hughes de Payen travels West
Hughes de Payen travels west to obtain more authority of the Order. [1]
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Construction of Rochester Castle
The tower-keep at Rochester Castle was built soon after 1126 by the Archbishop of Canterbury with the permission of King Henry I.  [2]
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Shrewsbury Castle granted to Adeliza
The castle at Shrewsbury was granted by Henry to his second wife Adeliza. The command of the castle was given to Fitz-Alan. [3]
...
Henry of Blois at Glastonbury
Henry I brought his nephew, Henry of Blois, from Normandy to take the position of abbot at Glastonbury Abbey. [4]
...
Death of Edgar the Atheling
Edgar the Atheling died without a male heir, ending Alfred the Great's line of succession.
Dec
Henry holds a council at Woodstock
Dec
King Henry held a council at Woodstock. [5]
See Also

1127

English Regnal years: 27 Henry I - 28 Henry I
...
Charter for Glastonbury fair
Henry I granted a charter for an annual fair to be held at Glastonbury known as the Tor Fair. The reaffirmed the right for the existing fair to be held there. [6]
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Marriage agreement
King Henry I of England arranged the marriage of his daughter Matilda to Geoffrey, the son of Fulk V of Anjou. This was done to ensure an alliance between England and Anjou and to prevent Fulk allying himself with Louis VI of France. A previous marriage proposal between Henry's son William and Fulk's daughter came to nothing when William was drowned during a sea crossing from Normandy to England in 1120. Matilda had been married to Henry V of Germany, but he died in 1125 and Matilda had returned to England. [7]
...
Foundation of Furness Abbey
The abbey, a few miles to the north of Barrow-in-Furness, was founded by Stephen, the Count of Boulogne.
Jan
Barons swear allegiance to Matilda
Jan
With Matilda the rightful heir to the English throne, Henry I had the barons swear allegiance to her to ensure she became Queen of England when he died. [8]
Episode: Stephen's succession to the throne [highlight all]
Mar 2
Murder of the Count of Flanders
Mar 2
Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, was murdered as he prayed in the church of Saint-Donatien at Bruges. His murder came as a huge shock and, as he did not have a son to inherit his title, the murder started a period of conflict in the region. Several claiments came forward including William of Ypres, Thierry of Alsace and William Clito. William Clito's claim was backed by Louis VI. [7]
Qtr 4
Templars are donated land near Troyes
Qtr 4
The first donation of land was given to the Templars in 1127 by Count Thybaud of Champagne at Barbonne-Fayel, some fifty kilometres north-west of Troyes. The farm called La Commanderie still exists. [9]
See Also

1128

English Regnal years: 28 Henry I - 29 Henry I
 
Deaths

Clito, William ( - d.1128)

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Hughes de Payen visits Scotland and England
During late 1128 and early 1129, Hughes de Payen visited both Scotland and England where he was apparently donated both land and money. At this time, in London, the original Temple in Holborn outside Holborn bars was built. It consisted of gardens, orchard, boundary ditch and cemetery, and was the first round church. In 1161 the site was moved to the New Temple between Fleet street and the Thames. [1]
...
Templar Church in London
Hugh de Payens may have been granted the land for the first Temple Church in London at this time. Consisting of an orchard, a cemetery, a round church. The position was possibly at the end of Chancery Lane. The temple was moved in 1161. [9]
...
First Cistercian Abbey in Britain
Waverley Abbey, the first Cistercian abbey was founded. [10]
...
The nave at Durham Cathedral is vaulted
Work on the nave vaulting at Durham Cathedral took place from 1128 until 1133. [11]
...
Lichfield regains Bishop's seat
Lichfield had lost the status to allow it a cathedral during the eleventh century, but in 1128 Lichfield was restored to its ancient status.
...
Construction of new church at Dunfermline Abbey
The construction of new church buildings was begun in 1128 at Dunfermline Abbey. The outline of this earlier church can be seen on the floor of the current nave.
...
Holyrood House founded
The monastery of Holyrood was founded by King David I of Scotland. Tradition has it that the king was hunting in one of the royal forests around the city of Edinburgh when he came across an enraged stag which would have killed him and his horse. The king was some distance in front of his attendants who were unable to help. The king was saved when a cross of brilliant light appeared bewteen himself and animal which turned and fled. Later that night David vowed to build an abbey on the site of the event in thanks for his escape.
Jan
Council of Troyes takes place
Jan
The Council of Troyes took place. Its aim was to consider the claim of the Knights Templars represented by Hughes de Payen and Andre de Montbard and was brought about by Bernard of Clairvaux. The Council provided papal approval for the Templars and resulted in many new recruits joining the order. The Order was provided it with its first rule, the Latin Rule. [1]
Apr
Hugh de Payen visits Fulk of Anjou
Apr
To raise funds and attract new recruits Hugh de Payen travelled around France starting with a visit to Fulk of Anjou who had become an associate member of the Knights Templar order in 1120. Support and donations across Europe for the Templars increased. The visits lasted during April and May. [9]
May 22
Matilda marries Geoffrey Plantagenet
May 22
Henry I arranged a marriage between his daughter Matilda and the son of Fulk V of Anjou, Geoffrey Plantagenet. He had previously arranged a marriage between his son William Adelin to Fulk's daughter also called Matilda, but William had died when the 'White Ship' sank returning the Prince from Normandy. Geoffrey and Matilda were married in St. Julien's Cathedral in Le Mans, Maine (France).
Episode: Stephen's succession to the throne [highlight all]
See Also

1129

English Regnal years: 29 Henry I - 30 Henry I
 
Births

Eustace (IV, Count of Boulogne) (b.1129 - d.1153)

...
Arundel Castle building work
New construction work was done at Arundel Castle between 1129 and 1130. [2]
...
Fulk V marries Melisende
Fulk V married Melisende, the heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk gave up his title of Count of Anjou which passed to his son Geoffrey Plantagenet.
Apr 14
Coronation of Philip of France
Apr 14
Following the Capetian tradition of the French Kings, King Louis VI of France had his eldest son Philip of France crowned at Reims Cathedral. Philip then became joint ruler of France. [12]
See Also

1130

English Regnal years: 30 Henry I - 31 Henry I
 
Births

Clare, Richard fitzGilbert de (Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke) (b.1130 - d.1176)

 
Deaths

Michiel, Domenico (Doge of Venice) ( - d.1130)

...
Fire at Rochester
On the same day that Henry I attended the consecration of Rochester Cathedral, a fire took hold in the city and damaged the newly finished building.
...
Canterbury choir dedication
The construction of a new choir was started at Canterbury Cathedral in 1093 by Prior Ernulf and completed by Prior Conrad was dedicated in the presence of Henry I, David of Scotland and many English Earls. [13]
...
Anacletus II becomes the Antipope
...
Innocent II becomes Pope
...
Cistercian expansion
In the 1130s and 1140s, the Cistercians expanded into 'an order of immense size' by incorporating independent religious communities. [14]
Feb 14
Death of Honorius
Feb 14
When Pope Honorius died two successors were chosen. Sixteeen Cardinals chose Gregory, Cardinal of St. Angelo. But this election was seen as unlawful and another group chose Peter, Cardinal of St, Mary's. Both were consecrated on the same day, Gregory as Innocent II and Peter, as Anacletus II. Although the majority chose Anacletus, he is regarded as an Anit-pope while Innocent is regarded as a lawful Pope.
Dec
Henry spends Christmas at Woodstock
Dec
Henry spent Christmas at Woodstock. [5]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

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1131

English Regnal years: 31 Henry I - 32 Henry I
 
Births

Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162) (b.1131 - d.1162)

 
Deaths

Baldwin (II, King of Jerusalem 1118-1131) (b.1060 - d.1131)

Philip (of France) (b.1116 - d.1131)

...
Knights Templars in Spain
The Knights Templars appear in the North East of Spain possibly as early as 1130 and were receiving privileges from Alfonso I. The Templars may have helped the rulers of Catalonia and Aragon regain land from the Moors. Alfonso I granted the Templars exemption of tax on a fifth of the wealth taken from the Moors and on his death he left a third of his kingdom to them. This was later successfully contested but the Templars were given land in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Mallorca and Andalucia. [1]
...
Gilbertines founded
A minor order of monks and nuns was founded in this year by St. Gilbert. Most of the foundations were set up in the east of England as Gilbert came from Lincolnshire.
...
Basingwerk Abbey founded
The North Welsh Cistercian Abbey was colonised by monks from the Norman house called Savigny and was possibly founded by the Earl of Chester at the time, Ranulf de Gernon. [10]
...
Fulk V becomes King of Jerusalem
King Baldwin of Jerusalem died and Fulk V, who had married the King's daughter Melisende, became the King of Jerusalem. [15]
...
Alfonso's Will
In a will written three years before his death, Alfonso I, the King or Aragon, stated his desire to leave his kingdon to the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller.
...
Cistercians in Wales
Thirteen Cistercian monasteries, all in remote locations, were founded in Wales between 1131 and 1226. The first of these was Tintern Abbey, which was sited in a remote river valley, and depended largely on its agricultural and pastoral activities for survival. [16]
Mar
Rievaulx Abbey founded
Mar
The Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx was founded by Walter Espee who invited monks sent by St. Bernard from the abbey at Clairvaux. This was the earliest Cistercian abbey in Yorkshire.
May 9
Tintern Abbey founded
May 9
The second Cistercian abbey in Britain and the first in Wales was founded by the Lord of Chepstow, Walter de Clare. The buildings were constructed on the Welsh side of the Wye River that forms part of the border between England and Wales.
See Also

1132

English Regnal years: 32 Henry I - 33 Henry I
 
Births

Gruffydd, Rhys ap (Lord Rhys) (b.1132 - d.1197)

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Fountains Abbey
Fountains Abbey was founded in 1132 by discontented Benedictine monks from St. Mary's Abbey, York, who desired a return to the austere Rule of St Benedict. After many struggles and great hardships, St Bernard agreed to send a monk from Clairvaux to instruct them, and in the end they prospered. Already by 1152, Fountains had many offshoots, including Newminster Abbey (1137) and Meaux Abbey (1151). [17]
May
London fire
May
A fire broke out in London and consumed a large part of the city.
Oct
Possible comet sighting
Oct
The Chronical of Florence of Worcester mentions the sighting of a comet seen for several days in October.
More Natural World Events
Winter
Monks visit Ripon
Winter
A Group of monks from St. Mary's in York Arrive at Ripon. They go on to found Fountains Abbey as well. [18]
Christmas
Henry I at Dunstable
Christmas
Henry I spent Christmas at his palace at Dunstable.
See Also

1133

English Regnal years: 33 Henry I - 34 Henry I
 
Births

Henry (II, King of England 1154-1189) (b.1133 - d.1189)

...
Foundation of Garendon Abbey
A Cistercian abbey founded by monks from Waverley Abbey. [10]
...
Durham Cathedral Chapter house
Construction of the Chapter house at Durham Cathedral was begun in 1133 and continued until 1140. [11]
...
Combermere Abbey founded
Ranulf, the Earl of Chester witnessed the foundation of the new Savigny abbey in the Midlands. [10]
...
Augustinians at Portchester
A small priory was built by Augustinian monks within the confines of Portchester Castle.
Mar 25
Future king Henry II is born
Mar 25
King Henry II was born on the first day of the traditional new year at Le Mans. [19]
Aug 2
Eclipse seen across England
Aug 2
There was an eclipse of the Sun over Scotland and the north of England. Accounts detailed by Florence of Worcester report strange events happening including ships moving on their own accord and churches as if by a profuse pirspiration. The partial eclipse also being seen by King Henry when waiting to cross the Channel for Normandy. This may have happened in 1132.
More Natural World Events
Aug 4
Earthquake
Aug 4
An eye-witness account from William of Malmesbury tells of an earthquake affecting many parts of England. (Symeon of Durham's Historia Regum, by John of Hexham.) This is interesting as it occurred just after an eclipse. See year 1185 when another eclipse and earthquake occurred.
More Natural World Events
See Also

1134

English Regnal years: 34 Henry I - 35 Henry I
 
Deaths

Robert (II, Duke of Normandy 1087-1106) (b.1051 - d.1134)

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Death of Robert Curthose
Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son, died in captivity in Cardiff Castle where he had been locked up since being defeated by his brother in 1106. Robert was buried in Gloucester Cathedral where there is an effigy of him still.
...
Calder Abbey first founded
Colonising a new abbey at Calder was first attempted by monks from the Savigny order, but they were driven out by the Scots a few years later. [10]
...
Erik II Emune becomes King of Denmark
...
Ramiro II becomes ruler of Aragon
Ramiro was the younger son of the previous rulers of Aragon, Pedro and Alfonso. Ramiro wanted to become a monk but had to put these plans to one side when he became the ruler of Aragon. He had a daughter and arranged a marriage for her. He then left the governance of Aragon to his son-in-law and retired to an Abbey.
See Also

1135

English Regnal years: 35 Henry I - 1 Stephen I
 
Deaths

Baldwin (of Boulogne) (b.1126 - d.1135)

Henry (I, King of England 1100-1135) (b.1068 - d.1135)

...
Buildwas Abbey founded
Buildwas Abbey was founded 1135 by Roger de Clinton. It was populated by monks from Furness Abbey. [10]
...
Fire at St. Paul's Cathedral
Building work at St. Paul's Cathedral was underway when a major fire broke out and damaged the half-completed structure. The fire possibly started on London Bridge and spread to the city. [20]
Dec 1
Henry I dies
Dec 1
King Henry I died. He was in Normandy at one of his hunting lodges and had eaten lampreys, a food that he knew was not good for him. He felt unwell for several days and the illness got worse and he passed away. Before he died he gave instructions that he should be buried at Reading Abbey. It is not clear who Henry nominated to be the next ruler of England just before his death.  [8]
Episode: Stephen's succession to the throne [highlight all]
Dec 22
Stephen succeeds Henry I
Dec 22
In Normandy, was Henry's nephew Stephen, a Norman like the barons. Matilda, on the other hand, was considered English by the barons because her mother was an English woman. Matilda was also married to a Frenchman, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, and enemy of Normandy. If Matilda became Queen it was possible that Geoffrey would become King of England after her death. Once Stephen heard the news of his uncle's death he swiftly set out for England accompanied by a small band of supporters. After failed attempts to land on the south coast he came ashore in London where he was warmly welcomed. [21]
Episode: Stephen's succession to the throne [highlight all]
Dec 26
Coronation of Stephen of Blois
Dec 26
Stephen of Blois was crowned King Stephen of England at Westminster Abbey.
Episode: Stephen's succession to the throne [highlight all]
See Also

1136

English Regnal years: 1 Stephen I - 2 Stephen I
 
Births

Amalric (I, King of Jerusalem, 1162 - 1174) (b.1136 - d.1174)

William (Count of Paitin) (b.1136 - d.1164)

 
Deaths

Payens, Hugh de (b.1070 - d.1136)

...
Hughes de Payen dies
Hughes de Payen died and was succeeded by Robert de Craon as Master of the KnightsTemplar. [1]
...
Baldwin de Redvers flees to Carisbrooke
The Earl of Devon, Baldwin de Redvers took refuge in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight after a defeat at the hands of King Stephen.
...
Castle at Banbury is built
The Bishop of Lincoln built a castle at Banbury. [2]
...
Buckfast Abbey founded
The site of an early Benedictine abbey was taken over by the Cistercians with the permission of King Stephen. Monks from Savigny colonised the abbey. [10]
...
Forde Abbey founded
Initially Forde Abbey was situated at Brightly in Devon, but the site proved too difficult and in 1141 it was moved to its current location 4 miles south east of Chard in Somerset. The founding Cistercian monks came from Waverly Abbey in Surrey. [10]
...
London Bridge damaged by fire
The old wooden London Bridge across the Thames was destroyed by fire this year or in 1135. St. Paul's was also damaged at this time so the fire must have affected a large area of the city. Rebuilding work was undertaken by Peter of Colechurch who would later undertake its reconstruction in stone. [22]
...
Construction of a castle at Scarborough
William le Gros built a castle on the headland at Scarborough.
...
King Stephen captures Bampton
Bampton Castle in Devon captured by King Stephen.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Battle of Crug Mawr
The Normans were defeated in battle at Crug Mawr, south west Wales, by a Welsh army. Cilgerran Castle then fell to the Welsh.
...
Foundation of Melrose Abbey
Melrose Abbey was founded by King David I and was the first Cistercian foundation in Scotland. The first community of monks came from Rievaulx in Yorkshire. Construction work lasted until 1146 and its dedication to St. Mary.
Jan
A fire at St. Paul's
Jan
Reconstruction work on the Cathedral at St. Paul's had been going on since the last major fire of 1087, and this fire again did much damage to the building.
Jan 4
Funeral of Henry I
Jan 4
The funeral of King Henry I of England took place at Reading Abbey, a Clunic house that he had founded in 1121 and where he had specified he wanted to be buried. King Stephen attended the proceedings.
Feb
Treaty of Durham
Feb
A peace treaty signed by King David of Scotland and King Stephen. The Scottish King had invaded northern England in January and had captured many of the major towns including Carlisle and Newcastle. In response, Stephen had raised a large army and marched north to Durham. King David agreed to talk rather than fight and an arrangement was agreed allowing the Scots to keep Carlisle in return for stopping their advance. David refused to do homage to the English King as his loyalties rested with Matilda, King Henry's daughter. King David's son did pay homage to Stephen and received the Earldom of Huntingdon in return.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Carlisle Castle under Scottish control
After King Stephen gave up the rights to Cumberland after the Treaty of Durham to the Scots, King David made Carlisle his southern capital. The Scottish king made large improvements to the defences of the castle at Carlisle and built a keep.
Mar 22
Coronation of Matilda of Boulogne
Mar 22
Queen Matilda, the wife of King Stephen, was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Easter
Stephen and the Court at Oxford
Easter
King Stephen held a magnificent court at Oxford attended by large numbers of important barons and members of the Church. No expense was spared. [23]
...
Stephen at Hereford
Stephen visits Hereford Cathedral for his royal proclamation on Whitsunday. The chair reputed to have been used by Stephen still exists at Hereford. [24]
May
Stephen at Hereford
May
Geoffrey Talbot had captured Hereford Castle, so King Stephen raised an army to take back control. The king was welcomed by the townsfolk and spent several weeks attacking the castle. Talbot had escaped to Weobley Castle which Stephen then captured. Talbot evaded capture and turned back to Hereford which he set fire to in mid June.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1137

English Regnal years: 2 Stephen I - 3 Stephen I
 
Births

Saladin (b.1137 - d.1193)

 
Deaths

Adela (of Normandy) (b.1067 - d.1137)

FitzJohn, Payn ( - m.1137)

Louis (VI, The Fat, King of France 1108-1137) (b.1108 - d.1137)

...
Bath Abbey fire
A fire badly damages the church at Bath Abbey. [25]
...
Death of Adela of Normandy
Adela, the mother of King Stephen, died at Marcigny Convent where she had retired to become a nun,
...
Fire at Rochester
Only seven years after another serious occurrence, fire again broke out in Rochester and damaged the Cathedral.
...
Petroniila becomes ruler of Aragon
Petronilla, the infant daughter of Ramiro II, became ruler of Aragon when her father retired to an abbey. Ramiro had arranged the marriage of his daughter to Ramon, count of Catalonia, who became regent and ruled Aragon.
...
Breakspear becomes abbot
After leaving Paris and the Arles, Breakspear travelled to Avignon where he joined the abbey of St. Ruf or Rufus. After a short time he was elected has abbot. But Breakspear's rigid adherent to his principles led him to become unpopular with the monks. Pope Eugenius III was informed and so Breakspear was promoted to the post of Bishop of Albano. [26]
Apr
Stephen goes to Normandy
Apr
King Stephen sailed to Normandy to confront Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou and the Angevins who were attacking the southern areas of Normandy. Although Stephen had some success he was not able to deal fully with the count. Stephen did come to an agreement with the French King Louis VI and Eustace, Stephen's son, paid homage to the French king for Normandy. [23]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Jun 4
York Minster damaged by fire
Jun 4
York Minster was partially damaged by fire in this year that destroyed a large part of the city. The near-by church of St. Mary's and some other 37 churches were also damaged.
Aug 1
Death of Louis VI
Aug 1
The French king died. He was succeeded by his son Louis VII.
Dec 25
Louis VII becomes King of France
Dec 25
King Louis VII was crowned king of France, a few months after the death of his father Louis VI. [27]
Christmas
King Stephen af Dunstable
Christmas
King Stephen and his court spent Christmas at the palace at Dunstable that had been built by Henry I. [28]
See Also

1138

English Regnal years: 3 Stephen I - 4 Stephen I
...
Cressing Temple Site
This wealthy manor was given to the Knights Templar by Matilda, wife of King Stephen for their help getting Stephen to the throne. Later, the site was given to the Hospitallers when the Templars were suppressed. [29]
...
Theobald becomes Archbishop
Theobald is elected as Archbishop of Canterbury.
...
Foundation of Bordesley Abbey
Waleran, the earl of Worcester founds a new Cistercian abbey with help from monks from Garendon. [10]
...
Start of Civil War
Robert, the Earl of Gloucester and half brother to Matilda (daughter of Henry I) rebels against King Stephen, supporting Matilda's claim to the throne of England.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Arundel Castle siege
Matilda was given refuge by William de Albini at Arundel Castle. King Stephen built siege works around the castle in response but was unable to break the castle's defences. Matilda escaped but was later captured. [2]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Exeter castle building work
Work on the curtain wall at Exeter Castle progressed from 1169 until 1177. [2]
...
Calder Abbey attacked by the Scots
Monks of the Savigny order were attacked by the Scots under the control of David I, and were forced to return to Furness Abbey. [10]
...
Shrewsbury Castle captured by Stephen
King Stephen captured the castle at Shrewsbury. Henry (II) would capture back the castle before the end of Stephen's reign. [3]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Dudley castle attacked by Stephen
The Castle and lands around Dudley were attacked by King Stephen during the early part of his war against Matilda. [5]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Ludlow castle siege
Ludlow Castle was captured on behalf of Matilda in 1138 and King Stephen besieged the castle in an attempt to regain it. During the siege the King bravely saved Prince Henry of Scotland from being injured by a grappling hook thrown from the castle. [30]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Gilbert de Clare becomes Earl of Pembroke
Gilbert de Clare was made the first Earl of Pembroke. He took control of the castle of the same name.
...
Milo de Beauchamp captures Bedford Castle
In support of King David of Scotland, Milo de Beauchamp captured Bedford Castle. But after a siege, King Stephen took it back. [28]
...
Mount Vesuvius eruption
Mount Vesuvius the large volcano in southern Italy erupted. [31]
More Natural World Events
Jan
The Scots invade Northumbria
Jan
King David of Scotland took an army across the border and attacked Northumbria. He wanted Northumbria for his son Henry. [32]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Jan 25
Victor IV becomes the Antipope
Jan 25
When Anacletus, the Antipope died, the another Anti-pope was chosen as his replacement. He took the name Victor IV. But the reign of Victor was very short as he had decided to resign the position by the summer of 1138 and accept Innocent II as the lawful Pope, A different person was elected Anti-pope in 1159 and reused the same name of Victor IV.
Feb
Stephen marches north
Feb
In response to the Scottish attack in the north, King Stephen took an army into Scotland but the two kings did not meet and Stephen returned to England. [32]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Apr
Council at Northampton
Apr
King Stephen held a Great Council (Magnum Concilium) at Northampton. [33]
May
Robert sides with Matilda
May
Robert, the Earl of Gloucester announces that he will assist Matilda, his step-sister in her claim for the English throne. [34]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Qtr 2
The Scots invade Northumberland
Qtr 2
Led by their king, David I, the Scots invade and destroy Northumberland. The Scots moved south into Lancashire and North Yorkshire. This prompted Steven to mobilize an army to counter the invasion. The Scots captured and destroyed the important castle at Norham.
Aug 22
Battle of 'the Standard'
Aug 22
David I of Scotland was defeated at the battle of 'the Standard' in Yorkshire. The name for the battle came from the banners that were carried into battle by the English. [35]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1139

English Regnal years: 4 Stephen I - 5 Stephen I
...
Papal Bull by Pope Innocent II
A Papal Bull issued by Pope Innocent II, a former Cistercian monk and protégé of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, stated that the Knight Templars should owe allegiance to no one other than the Pope himself. This meant that the Templars answered to no one not even Kings or other political or religious authorities. [36]
...
Wallingford Castle siege
After Brian fitz Count the owner of the castle at Wallingford sided with Matilda, King Stephen built two siege castles to force him out. [2]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Kingswood Abbey founded
A Cistercian abbey was founded by monks from Tintern Abbey. The location of the abbey altered several times in the first few years, but finally settled at Kingswood in Gloucestershire. A sixteenth-century gatehouse is all that remains. [37]
...
Kirkstead Abbey founded
A daughter house of Fountains Abbey. The initial location of the abbey proved unsuitable and the a new site was chosen near Horncastle in Lincolnshire. [37]
...
Corfe Castle siege
In 1139 Baldwin de Redvers captured Corfe Castle for Matilda. King Stephen besieged the castle but was unable to take it back. [30]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Leeds Castle siege
King Stephen besieged Leeds Castle which was being held against him by supporters of Matilda. The castle fell to the King and he took control of it. [23]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Alfonso proclaimed as the first king of Portugal
After the defeat of the Moors, Alfonso was declared to be the first ruler of the independent state of Portugal.
Jun
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury is arrested
Jun
King Stephen arrested Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury. Bishop Roger was a powerful landowner and had several castles. Stephen also arrested Alexander, the bishop of Lincoln and had him imprisoned. Stephen wanted to take control to bishop Roger's castles and the bishop was taken to his castle at Devizes where he was held captive outside the walls and starved until the castle surrendered. Roger's son was also captured and tortured until the castle finally fell to the King. Roger's castle at Sherborne was also captured by Stephen. The castles at Newark and Sleaford in Lincolnshire belonging to bishop Alexander were forced to surrender to the King using the same underhand tactics.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Sep 30
Matilda arrives in England
Sep 30
Matilda arrives in England to further her attempts to take the throne from King Stephen. She was assisted by Robert of Gloucester, the illegitimate son of Henry I, King of England and a chief supporter of his step-sister Matilda's claim to the English throne.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Nov
Worcester siege
Nov
The city of Worcester was attacked by forces supporting Matilda (Empress Maude). The citizens of the city moved their posessions into the cathedral for safe keeping. The attackers failed to gain access from the south but managed to enter the city from the north. Parts of the city were ransacked and burnt.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1140

English Regnal years: 5 Stephen I - 6 Stephen I
...
Abbey Church of St Denis construction begun
The construction of the abbey church of St Denis in Paris, the first Gothic Cathedral was begun in around 1140. Combining stained glass windows, flying buttresses, choir vaulting and rib vaults, it was a daring innovation in architecture. The specifications were set by the abbot of St Denis, Suger. [38]
...
Foundation of Augustinian canons at Bristol
Robert Fitzharding founded a monastery of Augustinian canons in Bristol.
...
Building of original Bristol church
Building of original Bristol church. [11]
...
Castle at Sherriff Hutton
A castle at Sherriff Hutton may have belonged to Bertram de Bulmer . [2]
...
Coggeshall Abbey founded
King Stephen and Matilda his wife founded Coggeshall Abbey. This was to be the last of the Savigny abbeys to be founded before the order merged with the Cistercians in 1147. [10]
...
Construction of Framlingham Castle
A motte with a wooden tower was probably the first type of castle built by the Normans on the site. Hugh Bigod owned Framlingham at the time.
...
Whitland Abbey foundation
This Cistercian abbey in Wales was colonised by monks from Clairvaux.
...
Construction of Hedingham Castle
Built by the de Vere family, land owners in Essex.
...
Castle Rising Construction
The Norman Lord William D'Albini built a new stone keep at Castle Rising.
...
Woodstock held by Matilda
The Palace of Woodstock was held by Matilda's supporters during the conflict with King Stephen. Henry (II) spent much of his time there. [5]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Alcester Abbey founded
Benedictines founded Alcester Abbey several miles to the west of Stratford-upon-Avon. In around 1465 it became of priory cell and dependent upon Evesham Abbey.
...
Founding of Cambuskenneth Abbey
Cambuskenneth Abbey in Stirlingshire was founded by King David I in around 1140. The majority of the abbey no longer exists, apart from a large bell tower. The site is the burial place of King James III of Scotland and his wife.
...
Foundation of Newbattle Abbey
According to charters the Cistercian Newbattle Abbey was founded in arround 1140 by King David I of Scotland. It was populated by monks from Melrose Abbey.
...
Nottingham attacked and burnt
The city of Nottingham was attacked and set on fire by an army commanded by the Earl of Gloucester who was a supporter of Matilda and opposing King Stephen's right to the throne.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Mar 20
Eclipse
Mar 20
The Anglo Saxon Chronicles reported that an eclipse of the sun occurred.
More Natural World Events
Dec
Stephen besieges Lincoln
Dec
Lincoln, held by Matilda's supporters, was besieged by King Stephen. The siege would continue until February the next year. [23]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

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1141

English Regnal years: 6 Stephen I - 7 Stephen I
...
Lincoln Cathedral damaged by fire
The roof of the Cathedral burnt down. Bishop Alexander the Magnificent started rebuilding work. This event may have been the earlier 1123 fire.
...
Winchester Castle burns down
The castle was destroyed during the civil war.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Feb 2
Battle of Lincoln
Feb 2
Matilda's forces defeated and captured King Stephen at the battle of Lincoln. Stephen was held captive until September when Matilda's forces were defeated at Winchester.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Apr
Matilda is elected Queen
Apr
After King Stephen had been captured at Lincoln, Matilda was elected as Queen of England at Winchester. Her new position as ruler of England was not to last for long
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Jun
Matilda enters London
Jun
Matilda and her supporters entered London for her coronation. Her supporters included David I, king of the Scots. Geoffrey de Mandeville who controlled the Tower of London, abandoned his king as he saw Matilda had the upper hand. He joined her side and offered her the Tower of London. He did this to ensure he kept the Earldom of Essex which made him one of the most powerful barons of the time.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Sep 14
Rout of Winchester
Sep 14
Matilda's forces were besieging a royalist held castle at Wolvesey near Winchester and were attacked and defeated by a royalist relief army. King Stephen who was being held captive at the time was exchanged for Robert, earl of Gloucester one of Matilda's supporters who was captured in the defeat.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Nov
Exchange of King Stephen and Gloucester
Nov
Robert, Earl of Gloucester was held captive at Rochester Castle before being exchanged for King Stephen who had been captured earlier in the year at Lincoln.
Dec 25
Stephen's second coronation
Dec 25
After his release Stephen insisted on a second coronation so that the barons would swear their loyalty to him. The coronation took place at Canterbury Cathedral.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1142

English Regnal years: 7 Stephen I - 8 Stephen I
 
Births

Malcolm (IV, Scottish King 1153-1165) (b.1142 - d.1165)

William (I, the Lion, King of Scotland 1165-1214) (b.1142 - d.1214)

 
Deaths

Abelard, Peter (b.1079 - d.1142)

...
Calder Abbey refounded
The Savigny order of monks colonised the a new abbey at Calder in this year. The earlier attempt at colonising the location had failed after being attacked by the Scots. [10]
...
Dundrennan Abbey founded
David I, King of the Scots may have been involved in the foundation of this Cistercian abbey in Scotland. The founding monks probably came from Rievaulx. [10]
...
Mandeville and Matilda
Secret negotiations between Matilda and Mandeville take place. [39]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Cistercians in Ireland
The first Cistercians arrived in Ireland invited by St. Malachy. Their Abbey of Mellifont was the first of many. [40]
...
Hospitallers granted Krak de Chevaliers
The Kinghts Hospitaller were given the massive castle Krak des Chevaliers by Raymond II, Count of Tripoli. [41]
Sep
Henry (II) land in England
Sep
Henry of Anjou, the future King of England landed on the south coast of England with his uncle Earl Robert of Gloucester and several knights, Henry spent a year in England at Bristol being taught by Master Matthew. Soon after landing in England Earl Robert captured Lulworth Castle, Rufus Castle on Portland and Wareham Castle.  [19]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Oct (to Dec)
Oxford siege and Matilda's escape
Oct (to Dec)
Oxford was besieged by King Stephen trapping Matilda inside the city. But just before Christmas Matilda managed to escape across the snow and ice of the frozen Thames dressed in white so that she would not be seen. Matilda escaped to Wallingford Castle and Oxford fell to the King. [23]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1143

English Regnal years: 8 Stephen I - 9 Stephen I
 
Deaths

Fulk (V, of Anjou) (b.1092 - d.1143)

...
Whitland Abbey founded
Cistercians found Whitland Abbey.
...
Revesby Abbey founded
A new Cistercian abbey at Revesby was founded by monks from Rievaulx in this year. The abbey was founded by William de Roumare I, earl of Lincoln and the first abbot was Ailred, who moved back to Rievaulx in 1146 to become the head of that abbey.
...
Boxley Abbey founded
Boxley Abbey, run by Cistercians was founded in 1143 or 1146 by William of Ypres and was colonised by monks from Clairvaux. The Abbey is situated near Maidstone in Kent. [10]
...
Baldwin III becomes king of Jerusalem
When his father Fulk died, Baldwin became king of Jerusalem. But at only 13 years of age Baldwin was too young to rule unaided. He was made co-ruler of the Crusader state along side his mother Melisende.
Sep
Mandeville is arrested
Sep
King Stephen arrested Geoffrey de Mandeville at a meeting of the Royal Court. Mandeville had tried Stephen's patience with his disloyalty and the king did not want the Tower of London (which Mandeville controlled) fall into the hands of Matilda. Mandevilles castles and title of Earl of Essex were taken from him, and he became an outlaw. [39]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Sep 26
Celestine II becomes Pope
Sep 26
Three days after the death of Innocent II, Celestine was elected.
See Also

1144

English Regnal years: 9 Stephen I - 10 Stephen I
 
Deaths

Celestine (II, Pope) ( - d.1144)

Mandeville, Geoffrey de (Earl of Essex) ( - d.1144)

...
Construction of Faringdon Castle
Built by Robert, Earl of Gloucester. The castle soon came under siege by King Stephen who after four days took the castle and destroyed it. [30]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Jan
Geoffrey Plantagenet captures Normandy
Jan
After several years of conflict between the Angevins and the Barons of Normandy Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, captured Rouen and took control of the whole of the duchy of Normandy. Geoffrey also took the title of Duke of Normandy. [23]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Mar
Lucius II becomes Pope
Mar
Gerard Caccianemici (Caccianemicus) was elected Pope taking the name Lucius II after the death of Celestine II.
Dec 24
Capture of Edessa
Dec 24
The county of Edessa, a Crusader state, was captured by Zengi, ruler of Mosul. This triggered the Second Crusade in 1148.
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
See Also

1145

English Regnal years: 10 Stephen I - 11 Stephen I
 
Births

Adela (of Champagne) (b.1145 - d.1206)

Amalric (II, King of Jerusalem, 1197 - 1205) (b.1145 - d.1205)

Braose, William de (b.1145 - d.1211)

Conrad (of Montferrat) (b.1145 - d.1192)

Mary (of Champagne) (b.1145 - )

...
Stephen takes Farringdon Castle
King Stephen captures the castle at Farringdon from Matilda.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Woburn Abbey founded
A colony of monks from Fountains Abbey move to set up a new Cistercian abbey at Woburn.
...
Jervaulx Abbey founded
Initially a Savignic foundation, the abbey was taken over by the Cistercian order and responsibility for it was taken by Byland.
...
Construction of Brightwell Castle
Built by King Stephen (or the Earl of Chester). The castle had a moat and was situated on the site of current manor house. [30]
...
Eugenius III becomes Pope
...
Halley's Comet
Return of the comet now named after Edmond Halley who died in 1742 that returns approximately every 75 years.
More Natural World Events
...
Arques-la-Bataille falls to Geoffrey of Anjou
Arques-la-Bataille Castle was the final one to fall to Geoffrey of Anjou during his conquest of Normandy.
...
Norwich Cathedral completed
Construction work on the cathedral at Norwich was completed.
Dec 1
First formal Bull of crusade
Dec 1
The first formal Papal Bull of Crusade or 'Bulla cruciata' calling on France to restore the Holy Land to Christendom was issued by Pope Eugenius III, together with 'Quantum praedecessors' which was reissued on the 1st of March 1146. [42]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
See Also

1146

English Regnal years: 11 Stephen I - 12 Stephen I
 
Births

Marshal, William (Earl of Pembroke) (b.1146 - d.1219)

...
Knights Templars adopt cross pattee
The Knights Templars adopted cross pattee; a splayed red cross. [36]
...
Llansteffan Castle captured
Llansteffan Castle was captured by the Welsh.
Mar 1
The Pope reissues Papal Bull for a Crusade
Mar 1
Pope Eugenius III reissued an amended Bull, a formal proclamation issued by the pope, proclaiming the Second Crusade.
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
Mar 31
Sermon at Vézelay
Mar 31
St. Bernard's sermon at Vézelay so moved Eleanor of Aquitaine that she vowed to go on Crusade.
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
Dec 25
Diet of Speyer
Dec 25
At the Diet of Speyer; the emperor Conrad III took the cross and secured the election of his son Henry as his successor in Germany. He was persuaded to take part in the crusade by the the Abbot of Clairvaux, St. Bernard. [42]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
Christmas
Stephen's Crown Wearing
Christmas
King Stephen's 'crown wearing' ceremony was held in Lincoln at Christmas. [15]
See Also

1147

English Regnal years: 12 Stephen I - 13 Stephen I
 
Deaths

Robert (Earl of Gloucester) ( - d.1147)

...
Pevensey Castle siege
King Stephen leys siege to Pevensey castle and has to wait for the castle's reserves to run out before the castle falls.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Foundation of Biddlesden Abbey
Biddlesden Abbey, a new Cistercian abbey was founded in 1147 by Ernald de Bosco with monks from Garendon. [10]
...
Henry arrives in England
Henry landed in England with a small army intent on attacking King Stephen. Unfortunately, Henry's army of mercenaries was small and they were not being paid enough. Stephen gave Henry money to pay the mercenaries and for Henry to return to Normandy. Henry left England.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
...
Bruern Abbey founded
A Cistercian abbey in Lincolnshire founded by Nicholas Basset and colonised by monks from Waverley.  [10]
...
The Savigny order joins the Cistercians
The order of Savigny became part of the larger Cistercian movement in this year. The Savigny order was having trouble running its abbeys and it was decided that a merger with the more prosperous Cistercian order was advantageous for both sides. [10]
...
Dore Abbey founded
The Cistercian abbey of Dore, south-west of Hereford was founded in 1147 by monks from Morimond
...
Capture of Marrakesh
The Muslim Almohads under the leadership of Abd al-Mu'min, captured the important city of Marrakesh from the Almoravids and became the the major Islamic power in northern Africa. The Almohads were a Berber tribe orginally from the Atlas Mountains who practiced a fundamentalist form of Islam.They would spread their influence into southern Spain.
...
Alnwick Abbey founded
Alnwick Abbey was founded by Eustace fitz John, the owner of Alnwick Castle.
...
Margam Abbey founded
This Cistercian abbey was founded by Robert, Earl of Gloucester.
...
Moscow founded
The city of Moscow was founded by Yuri Dolgoruki.
...
Conrad at Constantinople
While camping outside Constantinople torrents of rainfall filled the rivers and the flood water washed away many hundreds of the king's men and horses. [43]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
...
Roche Abbey
Roche Abbey, located in South Yorkshire is a Cistercian monastery jointly founded by Richard de Busli and Richard FitzTurgis. The monks constructed the abbey in a picturesque valley and it features stunning early Gothic architecture, parts of which still stand today.
Apr
Eugenius meets King Louis
Apr
The Pope left Viterbo in January and travelled to France. At the start of April he met the King at Dijon. It was agreed that Abbot Sugar would take care of France while the French King was away and the Pope and Abbot met several times. [44]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
May (to 1148)
The start of the Second Crusade
May (to 1148)
The crusaders left Regensburg to march across land to Constantinople. [45]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
May
Waverley Abbey papal bull
May
In Paris, Pope Eugenius confirmed the grants and donations that had been made to Waverley Abbey and exempted the monks from paying certain taxes.
Jun
Louis VII joins the Crusade
Jun
King Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine began their Crusade. They declared Abbot Suger regent of France,
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
Jul
Lisbon siege
Jul
Lisbon was being held by the Moors when Alphonso I, the first king of Portugal laid siege to the city. The king was assisted by crusaders from many different countries including Portugal, Germany and Flemish. Several attempts were made to move wooden belfries into position against the city walls but they were attacked and set alight by the Moors. The attackers had more success with mines constructed underneath the walls. Fires were lit under the walls and a breach occurred. Although the attackers were beaten back, the Moors finally surrendered in October when another belfry was constructed.
Oct 31
Robert, Earl of Gloucester dies
Oct 31
The death of Robert was a blow to Matilda's attempts to fight for the English throne. Matilda was to leave England shortly afterwards.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1148

English Regnal years: 13 Stephen I - 14 Stephen I
...
Consecration at Bristol
The Augustinian Abbey at Bristol founded by Robert Fitzharding was consecrated on Easter day in the presence of the Bishops of Worcester, Exeter, St. Asaph and Llandaff.
...
Lilleshall Abbey Founded
The Augustinian Lilleshall Abbey was founded in around 1148 by Richard de Belmeis. [46]
Feb
Matilda leaves England
Feb
Without the support of the Earl of Gloucester, who had died the previous year, Matilda left England for Normandy leaving King Stephen to rule. His control over the country was limited due to his inability to subdue the lawless barons.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Jun 24
Damascus attacked
Jun 24
The decision was made to attack Damascus. The armies were assembled in Acre. Present were Baldwin, the Patriarch Fulcher, Kings Louis and Conrad, Archbishops of Caesarea and Nazareth, Masters of the Knights Temple and Hospital. [1]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
Sep
Conrad III leaves the Holy Land
Sep
Hostilities between the French and German leaders of the Second Crusade became such a problem that the German Emperor, Conrad III, abandoned the crusade and returned to Constantinople. The Second Crusade ended in failure. [42]
Episode: The Second Crusade [highlight all]
See Also

1149

English Regnal years: 14 Stephen I - 15 Stephen I
...
Worcester siege
King Stephen besieged then plundered the city of Worcester but was unable to capture the castle due to its strong defences. He expelled the Lord of the city William de Beauchamp. Stephen built two forts near the castle to assist in the attack. One was on Red Hill near Digly and the other was at Henwicks Hill. [23]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
Mar
Henry (II) lands in England
Mar
Henry of Anjou landed in England in a second attempt to take the English throne from King Stephen. he travelled up via Salisbury and Gloucester north to Carlisle.
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
May 22
Henry (II) knighted by David
May 22
Henry the future king of England (Henry II) was knighted at Carlisle by David, King of the Scots. [19]
Episode: Civil War Stephen and Matilda [highlight all]
See Also

1150

English Regnal years: 15 Stephen I - 16 Stephen I
 
Births

Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) (b.1150 - d.1198)

Langton, Stephen (b.1150 - d.1228)

...
Fountains Abbey cloisters rebuilt
Work began on rebuilding the cloisters at Fountains Abbey. [10]
...
Rochester Cathedral West Front
Work on the West front of Rochester Cathedral began in 1150. [11]
...
Combe Abbey founded
This Cistercian abbey in the Midlands was founded by Richard de Camville and was a daughter house of Waverley in the south. [10]
...
Kinloss Abbey founded
Another Cistercian abbey helped by David I, King of the Scots. The first monks came from Melrose. The abbey is now in a ruined state. The layout of the cloister has been uncovered but little above ground exists apart from the south trancept with vaulted chamber and an arched entrance on the south side of the cloister. Some of the abbot's house also survives. [37] [47]
...
Katla Volcano Eruption
Eruption of the large Icelandic volcano. [48]
More Natural World Events
...
Portchester Castle keep enlarged
The keep at Portchester Castle was enlarged by raising its height.
...
Refounding of Dumfermline Abbey
King David I of Scotland refounded the abbey of Dunfermline. The orginal abbey's foundation dated back to his mother Margaret, but the building may have fallen into disrepair during the reign of David's elder brothers. [47]
Jan
Henry becomes Duke of Normandy
Jan
Henry returned to Normandy from Scotland and he was given the title of Duke of Normandy by his father.
See Also

Timeline Navigation

 

Selection of references used:

  • 1: Edward Burman, The Templars, Knights of God, ISBN:0-85030-396-6, Erdington Library (271.79)
  • 2: Derek Renn, Norman Castles, 1968, John Baker Publishers Ltd (1968), Own Copy
  • 3: John Timbs & Alexander Gunn, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North), 1872, Frederick Warne & Co. (1872), Mine
  • 4: Abbot Gasquet, The Greater Abbeys of England, 1908, Own copy
  • 5: Timbs & Gunn, Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales, Warne, Own Copy
  • 6: Many, Glastonbury, ISBN:0-09-132651-6, The Anchor Press Limited
  • 7: Z.N. Brooke, A History of Europe
  • 8: Richard Barber, The Devil's Crown, Mine
  • 9: Stephen Howarth, The Knights Templar, ISBN:0-00-216452-3
  • 10: Various, The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain, 1998, ISBN:0-7134-8392-X, B.T.Batsford Ltd (1998)
  • 11: John Harvey, English Cathedrals, 1961, Batsford (1961)
  • 12: Robert Fawtier (translation by Lionel Butler and R J Adam), The Capetian Kings of France, 1966, St. Martin's Press (1966), Oxfam bookshop
  • 13: T. Francis Bumpus, The Cathedrals of England and Wales, 1934
  • 14: Berman, Constance Hoffman, The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe, 2010, University of Pennsylvania Press (2010), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
  • 15: T. Wise, The Wars of the Crusades
  • 16: Dykes, D, W, (1980), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
  • 17: Herbert Thurston, Cistercians in the British Isles, Catholic Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
  • 18: Colin Platt, Medieval England, ISBN:0-7100-8815-9
  • 19: John Harvey, The Plantagenets
  • 20: John E.N. Hearsey, Bridge, Church and Palace In Old London, 1961, William Clowes and Sons Limited (1961), Own copy
  • 21: Preston Williams, Illustrations of Masonry
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  • 26: None, Church Quarterly Review, April 1897
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  • 28: Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, The History of England, Volume 5
  • 29: John J. Robinson, Born in Blood, ISBN:0-87131-602-1, M. Evans & Company / New York, Geoff Bath
  • 30: John Kinross, Discovering Castles in England and Wales, Shire Publications Ltd
  • 31: Unknown, The New Tablet of Memory, 1838
  • 32: H.W.C.Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 1949
  • 33: John T. Appleby, The Troubled Reign of King Stephen
  • 34: G.W.S Barrow, Feudal Britain, 1967
  • 35: J.D. Mackie, A History of Scotland, 1978, ISBN:0-7139-1206-5, Penguin Books (1978), Harborne Library
  • 36: Micheal Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Geoff Bath
  • 37: Jasper Ridley, The History of England, 1981, ISBN:0-7100-0794-9, Routledge & Kegan Paul (1981)
  • 38: A.T. Mann, Sacred Architecture, ISBN:1-85230-391-3, Element Books Limited, Own Copy
  • 39: Derek Wilson, The Tower (1078 - 1978)
  • 40: G.A.Cambell, The Knights Templar. Their rise and fall
  • 41: Robin Fedden and John Thomson, Crusader Castles
  • 42: Peter Potter, Data Donation
  • 43: Rev. Dr Cobham Brewer, Political, Social and Literary History of Germany
  • 44: Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Volume II, 1966
  • 45: T. Wise & G.A. Embleton, Armies of the Crusades, ISBN:0-85045-125-6, Shaun Parry
  • 46: M.R.James, Abbeys, 1925, The Great Western Railway (1925)
  • 47: -, Scottish Abbeys, ISBN:11-490475-8, Her Majesty's Stationery Office
  • 48: www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-03=&volpage=erupt, Global Volcanism Program