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Explore the White Tower

Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.

A Medieval Mystery

There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.

1: Location

Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.

2: Alignment

Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.

3: Size

Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?

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3D/VR

Virtual Buildings

Transport yourself back up to a thousand years and explore historical buildings as they may have appeared in the past.

1001 .. 1025
Please note that the TimeRef website is currently being redesigned.

Timeline Navigation

 
Eleventh Century

48 Historical events occurring between 1001 and 1025

Years: 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025

3D Virtual Reconstructions

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1001

English Regnal years: -
...
Danish raids
Danish raids on Sussex and Devon. [1]
Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
See Also

    1002

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Another Danegeld paid
    Aethelred was forced to pay the Danes that were camped on the Isle of Wight another large amount of money for them to leave.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    Nov
    Aethelred marries Emma
    Nov
    Aethelred paid the Vikings a sum of £24,000 to try and stop further invasions. In an attempt to strengthen his position against the Vikings he married Emma, the daughter of Richard Duke of Normandy. Aethelred also ordered the murder of all Danes in England but some escaped to report back. Not surprisingly the Viking attacks started again. [2]
    Nov 13
    Massacre of St Brice's day
    Nov 13
    Aethelred ordered the massacre of all Danes living in England because he was fearful of them plotting against him. The death toll was greatest in the south. In the north the number of Danes and their close relationships to the Saxons made the order more difficult to perform. One of those killed was Gunhilde, the sister of Sweyn Forkbeard, the wife of Palig, also a Dane and living in England a hostage as a condition of peace. It is possible that in revenge for the murder of Gunhilde that the Danes invaded England and took control of the English throne.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1003

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Edward (The Confessor, King of England 1042-1066) (b.1003 - d.1066)

    ...
    Wilton and its abbey attacked
    Swein attacked the town of Wilton and possibly its abbey. [3]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Edward the Confessor is born
    Edward the Confessor is thought to have been born sometime between 1003 and 1005 at Islip in Oxfordshire. His father was Aethelred II, the Unready, and his mother was Emma of Normandy, daughter of Robert I, Earl of Normandy. [4]
    ...
    John XVII becomes Pope
    See Also

    1004

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Swein attacks Norfolk
    A Viking raiding fleet landed in Norfolk. The Ealdorman in the area was Ulfcetel who ordered some men to reach and burn the Viking ships to strand Swein. The plan failed and Ulfcetel's small army was defeated by the Vikings.
    ...
    John XVIII becomes Pope
    See Also

    1005

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Alfred (Aetheling) (b.1005 - m.1036)

    Lanfranc, (Archbishop of Canterbury) (b.1005 - d.1089)

    William (Monk of Fecamp) (b.1005 - d.1025)

    ...
    Aelfheah becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
    Aelfheah becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
    ...
    Malcolm II becomes Kings of the Scots
    Malcolm killed his cousin Kenneth III to become Malcolm II, King of the Scots.
    See Also

    1006

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Destruction of Walingford
    The Danes, led by Swein, attacked and destroyed the river crossing at Wallingford. [5]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Reading attacked by the Danes
    The Danes attacked and burnt the town or Reading. [3]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Aefheah becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
    Aefheah, formerly the bishop of Winchester became the Archbishop of Canterbury.
    Apr
    SN 1006 supernova
    Apr
    At a -7.5 visual magnitude, this supernova could be the brightest stellar event to be recorded. Civilisations around the world recorded the same event that was visible for several months. The minus figure indicating that it as a bright event as the magnitude scale runs backwards.
    More Natural World Events
    See Also

    1008

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Henry (I, King of France 1031-1060) (b.1008 - d.1060)

    Wulfstan (Bishop of Worcester) (b.1008 - d.1095)

    ...
    A large fleet is ordered
    Aethelred ordered England to build a massive fleet of ships. The people of England had to supply armour for the crew as well. It was a huge undertaking but was completed the following year.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1009

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Danes repeatedly attack England
    Swein Fork-Beard repeatedly attacked England over several years destroying the land.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Church of the Holy Sepulchre destroyed
    The unstable sixth Caliph of Egypt, Al-Hakim, ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
    ...
    Sergius IV becomes Pope
    See Also

    3D Virtual Reconstructions

    Click to explore

    1011

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    The Vikings murder Aelfheah
    The Vikings captured Canterbury and obtained a payment of £48,000. In a drunken rage the Vikings murdered Aelfheah, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Aelfheah was the man that had baptised Olaf Trygvasson in the Winter of 994. Outraged by the actions of his fellow men Thorkell the Tall defected to the side of Aethelred along with 45 Viking ships to help defend England from further Viking attacks. [2]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Danes invade Norfolk
    After conquering East Anglia the Danes settled in Norwich and Norfolk. [6]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1012

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Deaths

    Aelfheah (Archbishop of Canterbury) (b.954 - d.1012)

    ...
    Danegeld paid
    The Danes were paid a large sum of money, known as the Danegeld, to leave England.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Benedict VIII is elected Pope
    See Also

    1013

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Lyfing becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
    Lyfing becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
    ...
    Swein Fork-Beard and Canute attack England
    Swein Fork-Beard and his son Canute sailed from Denmark to attack England. Again London defended itself and the Vikings moved elsewhere, taking Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    Autumn
    Emma and Edward leave England
    Autumn
    Forced to leave England by the invasion from Denmark, Emma Aethelred's wife, fled to Normandy assisted by the Bishop of Peterborough. Sons Edward (the Confessor) and Alfred followed later along with the Bishop of London. Ethelred was not far behind.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    Nov
    London surrenders to Swein
    Nov
    London was the last part of the country to accept Swein as the new king of England. Swein and his Viking army had already taken control of the Danelaw and the rest of the country accepted him as their new ruler. Swein's rule of the country would only last a few months.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1014

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Deaths

    Swein (Fork-Beard) (b.960 - d.1014)

    ...
    Aethelred goes into exile
    Aethelred had to abandon his country to Swein and went to Normandy to join his wife Emma and his sons.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    ...
    Harald II becomes King of Denmark
    As Swein's eldest son Harald became King of Denmark when Swein died. Harald controlled Denmark while his younger brother Canute was in England.
    ...
    London Bridge destroyed
    An attempt was made by Ethelred II to take back his throne from the Danes. He was assisted by Olaf of Norway and sailed up the Thames to London. The tactic was to destroy the wooden bridge and so divide the Danish army. The bridge was heavily defended and so by using rafts with coverings to protect those onboard Ethelred's men were able to get close enough to place ropes around the bridge piles. Then by rowing back down stream they managed to pull the piles from the riverbed and sections of the bridge fell down. [7]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    Feb 3
    Swein dies
    Feb 3
    Swein Fork-Beard died. Canute left England not sure of his ability to hold the country but returned a year later. Aethelred sent ambassadors to England, including his own son Edward (later the Confessor) to negotiate a possible return. [8]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1015

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Harold (Harefoot, King of England 1037-1040) (b.1015 - d.1040)

    Qtr 3
    Canute returns to England
    Qtr 3
    Canute invaded England taking control of Mercia and Northumbria. Aethelred was ill and England was in the hands of Edmund (Ironside).
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1016

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Edward (The Exile) (b.1016 - d.1057)

     
    Deaths

    Aethelred (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) (b.967 - d.1016)

    Edmund (II Ironside, King of the English 1016) (b.981 - d.1016)

    Uhtred, (Earl of Northumbria 1006-1016) ( - d.1016)

    ...
    Murder of Uhtred
    Uhtred, the earl of Northumbria, was murdered by a fellow lord. This started a family blood-feud that lasted several generations.
    Apr
    Edmund II (Ironside) becomes King
    Apr
    Edmund II became king at the death of his father Aethelred II in London. The people of London chose prince Edmund as king but it was short lived as the Southampton Witan chose Canute, who then invaded England.
    Apr
    Canute attempts to take the throne
    Apr
    Canute advanced on London for a fight with Aethelred but Aethelred died in the same month. London accepted Edmund Ironside as their ruler. Canute would have to defeat Edmund if he was to become King of England. [2]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    May
    Canute attacks London
    May
    Edmund had gone to Wessex to accept the support of the people there as the new king of England but Canute had reached London and was besieging its inhabitants. The Londoners held out against Canute's attempts to defeat them while Edmund travelled back to help. Edmund's army grew as he advanced towards Canute. The English won a couple of battles forcing the Danes to retreat and regroup but the Danes won the important battle at Ashingdon. [9]
    Oct 18
    Treaty between Canute and Edmund
    Oct 18
    Canute defeated Edmund Ironside at Ashingdon and a treaty was signed leaving Edmund with only the area of Wessex.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    Nov 30
    Canute becomes King of England
    Nov 30
    Edmund Ironside died only a month after the treaty with Canute. Canute then became King of England.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1017

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Deaths

    Ealdgyth (b.963 - d.1017)

    Streona, Eadric ( - d.1017)

    Jul
    Canute marries Emma
    Jul
    Canute married Emma, the widow of Aethelred the Unready. This helped Canute secure ties with Normandy as Emma was the daughter of Count of Normandy.
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    Dec
    Death of Eadric Streona
    Dec
    Canute had the treacherous Ealdorman Eadric Streona of Mercia killed.
    See Also

    1018

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Harthacnut (King of England 1040-1042) (b.1018 - d.1042)

    ...
    Large Danegeld paid
    Canute arranged for a massive Danegeld to be paid to the Viking fleet. Happy with the sum of money they received from the English, the Viking army returned home leaving just a small number of ships under the control of Canute.
    ...
    Harald II of Denmark dies
    ...
    Battle of Carham
    The Scots led by Malcolm II defeated the Northumbrians at the Battle of Carham. The actual date of the battle is confused and could have been two years earlier.
    See Also

    1019

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Canute takes Denmark
    Canute travelled to Denmark after the death of his elder brother Harald to ensure his own succession to the Danish throne. [2]
    Episode: Viking Invasions [highlight all]
    See Also

    1020

    English Regnal years: -
    ...
    Aethelnoth becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
    Aethelnoth became Archbishop of Canterbury.
    ...
    Godwin becomes Earl of Wessex
    Around this time King Canute gave the trusted Godwin the title and role of Earl of Wessex.
    See Also

    1024

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Magnus (I, King of Norway) (b.1024 - d.1047)

    ...
    John XIX becomes Pope

    1025

    English Regnal years: -
     
    Births

    Godwinson, Edith (of Wessex) (b.1025 - d.1075)

    Tostig (Earl of Northumbria) (b.1025 - d.1066)

     
    Deaths

    William (Monk of Fecamp) (b.1005 - d.1025)

    ...
    Constantine VIII becomes the Byzantine emperor

    Timeline Navigation

     

    Selection of references used:

    • 1: Peter Potter, Data Donation
    • 2: Magnus Magnusson, Vikings!
    • 3: John Timbs & Alexander Gunn, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North), 1872, Frederick Warne & Co. (1872), Mine
    • 4: Richard Cavendish, Kings and Queens The Concise Guide, ISBN:978-0-7153-2376-2
    • 5: Timbs & Gunn, Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales, Warne, Own Copy
    • 6: Unknown, A topographical and historical account of Norwich, 1819
    • 7: John E.N. Hearsey, Bridge, Church and Palace In Old London, 1961, William Clowes and Sons Limited (1961), Own copy
    • 8: Frank Barlow, Edward the Confessor
    • 9: Richard Humble, The Fall of Saxon England