People

Explore the White Tower

Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.

A Medieval Mystery

There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.

1: Location

Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.

2: Alignment

Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.

3: Size

Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?

Learn More

3D/VR

Virtual Buildings

Transport yourself back up to a thousand years and explore historical buildings as they may have appeared in the past.

1351 .. 1375
Please note that the TimeRef website is currently being redesigned.

Timeline Navigation

 
Fourteenth Century

81 Historical events occurring between 1351 and 1375

Years: 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375

3D Virtual Reconstructions

Click to explore

1351

English Regnal years: 24 Edward III - 25 Edward III
...
Statute of Labourers
Because so many people died from the plague, labour was a scarce resource. To prevent workers demanding their own prices, the costs were fixed for labourer's wages at the pre-plague levels. Labourers had to stay in their own villages, and had to appear before a steward or constable each year to swear to abide by the rules of the statute. Stocks were built in each village to punish and deter any that did not abide by the rules. [1]
Episode: The Black Death [highlight all]
...
Statutes of Provisors
This was a statute that allowed the King to overrule Church appointments proposed by the Pope.
...
Henry of Gosmont becomes Duke of Lancaster
King Edward III makes Henry of Grosmont the Duke of Lancaster.
...
Eastminster Abbey founded
King Edward III founded a new Cistercian abbey near the Tower of London. Monks from Beaulieu Abbey populated the new abbey. [2]
See Also

1352

English Regnal years: 25 Edward III - 26 Edward III
 
Births

Adam (of Usk) (b.1352 - d.1430)

 
Deaths

Clement (VI, Pope) (b.1292 - d.1352)

...
Corpus Christi College founded
Corpus Christi College was founded in Cambridge.
Dec 30
Innocent VI becomes Pope
Dec 30
After an initial selection that seemed favourable was quashed by one of the Cardinals, Stephen Aubert, the Bishop of Ostia was chosen and crowned on the 30th of December taking the name Innocent.
See Also

1354

English Regnal years: 27 Edward III - 28 Edward III
...
Statute of Staples
The Statute of Staples. A law that fixed 15 towns as staple towns. A staple town was a town that was restricted in what it could sell to foreign merchants. The towns were Bristol, Canterbury, Carmarthen, Chichester, Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Exeter, Lincoln, London, Newcastle, Norwich, Waterford, Winchester and York.
...
The Black Prince at Restormel Castle
Restormal Castle hosted Edward, the Black Prince and his court.
See Also

1355

English Regnal years: 28 Edward III - 29 Edward III
...
Bishops of Salisbury regains Sherborne Castle
Robert Wyvil, the Bishop of Salisbury regained control of the castle at Sherborne.
...
Carisbrooke Castle passes to Isabel
After the death of Isabella de Fortibus in 1293 Carisbrooke Castle became the property of King Edward I and the Crown. In 1355 King Edward III granted the ownership of the castle to his daughter Isabel.
Jan 7
Birth of Thomas of Woodstock
Jan 7
Thomas of Woodstock was born to Philippa and King Edward III.
Oct
Edward III travels to Calais
Oct
King Edward III landed in Calais. His plan was to lay waste to the northern lands owned by France. [3]
Oct
The Black Prince starts his chevauchée
Oct
Edward the Black Prince set out from Bordeaux at the start of a chevauchée into lands held by King John of France. Chevauchée was a medieval term for a process destroying the towns, villages and land of an enemy lord in an attempt to reduce the wealth that the lord could extract and put to use in going to war. It also caused panic in the local population and an exodus of refugees. [3]
See Also

1356

English Regnal years: 29 Edward III - 30 Edward III
...
Paris town walls
Construction of new walls around Paris started in this year and building work would take several years.
Jan
Edward Balliol gives up Scottish throne
Jan
After the defeat of David II of Scotland at Neville's Cross Edward Balliol had attempted to claim the Scottish throne but eventually decided to surrender his title as King of the Scots to Edward III and accept a pension in return.
Sep 17
English and French armies meet
Sep 17
On Saturday 17th of September while the Black Prince was moving his army to English owned city of Bordeaux the English and French armies finally came across each other near Poitiers. Edward moved his army into a defensive position protected by hedges on three sides and a narrow lane on the fourth.
Sep 18
Papal mission
Sep 18
On the Sunday a Cardinal attempted to get the English prince and French king to agree a truce, but the two leaders used the Sunday to rest their troops and prepare for the battle ahead.
Sep 19
Battle of Poitiers
Sep 19
On Monday the 19th of September the battle of Poitiers took place. Even though the English army was outnumbered the Black Prince used superior tactics in the battle and defeated the French without suffering many losses. John, the French King, was captured along with many other French nobles and taken to Bordeaux.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Oct
King John at St. Albans
Oct
King John of France was held prisoner at St. Alban's monastery after being captured at Poitiers. [4]
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

1357

English Regnal years: 30 Edward III - 31 Edward III
...
Katla Volcano Eruption
Eruption of the large Icelandic volcano. Plus or minus three years. [5]
More Natural World Events
Mar
Truce with France
Mar
On behalf of the King of England, Edward, the Black Prince arranged a two year truce with John, the King of France at Bordeaux.
Apr
John brought to England
Apr
The Black Prince with the French king and many other prisoners began the journey from France to England. Once back in England these nobles were ransomed for large amounts of money.
Oct 3
Treaty of Berwick
Oct 3
The Treaty of Berwick, signed between King Edward III of England and David II of Scotland, allowed David to go free from prison where he had been kept for the previous 11 years. A ransom of 100,000 marks was the price of his freedom.
See Also

1358

English Regnal years: 31 Edward III - 32 Edward III
 
Deaths

Isabella (of France, Wife of Edward II) (b.1295 - d.1358)

Apr 23
A Splendid Tournament at Windsor
Apr 23
To celebrate St. George's day King Edward III held a large tournament at Windsor Castle. Edward, the Black Prince, oversaw the proceedings in which kings and nobles from all over Europe were given safe passage to take part in.
May
The First Treaty of London
May
This treaty attempted to agree peace between England and France and the release of the French King, John, from captivity. The terms the King Edward III wanted, were a large ransom and the surrender of several French states. The French did not raise the money required so the treaty was not concluded.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
May
A French uprising
May
Known as the Jacquerie, the French peasants revolt started in the area of Beauvais. It was led by Guillaume Calle.The cause is unknown but this was a terrible time for the poor of the country. With no King, demands for taxes to pay for ransoms and groups of outlaws pillaging the villages it is not surprising that a revolt started. Charles the Bad of Navarre, an enemy of the Dauphin, took it upon himself to deal with the uprising. At Mello, just to the north of Paris, Charles defeated the rebels and set about massacring hundreds of peasants in the area in revenge. An army of several hundred peasants from Paris, under the leadership of Etienne Marcel, advanced on Meaux. The gates of Meaux were opened for them but were attacked by knights from the local fort who killed many and set fire to the town. [6]
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Aug 23
Death of Queen Isabella
Aug 23
Queen Isabella, the wife of Edward II and the mother of King Edward III died on the 22nd or 23rd of August.
Episode: Isabella, She-Wolf of France and death of Edward II [highlight all]
See Also

1359

English Regnal years: 32 Edward III - 33 Edward III
...
Storm in France
A violent storm killed many of King Edward's horses and men, just two leagues from Chartres. [7]
More Natural World Events
Mar
The Second Treaty of London
Mar
This treaty signed by King Edward and King John of France who was still a captive was agreed but later rejected by those back in France. In the treaty Edward agreed to drop his claim to the French thone in return for large amounts of French land. The French rejected the treaty because of the amount of land that would have been lost. King Edward's anger led to his invasion of France later in the year.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Oct 28
Edward III lands in Calais
Oct 28
Edward and his eldest sons departed from England and arrived in Calais the same day. They met no resistance as they marched to Reims. But the town was too well fortified to be captured so the English troops spent their time attacking the local towns and villages and taking supplies.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

1360

English Regnal years: 33 Edward III - 34 Edward III
 
Births

Wynford, William (b.1360 - d.1405)

...
Winchester Cathedral West Front
Work began on the West Front of Winchester Cathedral. Extra work was carried out on the North and South aisles [8]
May
Treaty of Bretigny
May
The Treaty of Bretigny brought a period of peace for nine years during the Hundred Years War. The treaty was arranged between the Black Prince and the dauphin the future King Charles V of France before being approved by King Edward III of England and King John of France. As part of the treaty Edward was given control of the areas of Gascony, Calais and Ponthieu as long as he agreed to give up his claim for the French throne. King John of France, currently being held hostage in England, was to be released on condition of a payment of 3 million gold crowns to be paid in instalments.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Oct
Treaty agreed
Oct
At Calais King Edward III of England and King John of France, who had be released from captivity, signed the Treaty of Bretigny.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

Click to explore

1361

English Regnal years: 34 Edward III - 35 Edward III
 
Deaths

Henry (of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster) (b.1300 - d.1361)

Margaret (Daughter of Edward III) ( - d.1361)

...
Another outbreak of the plague
Another outbreak of the plague takes its toll. In Avignon many people died including several Cardinals.
Episode: The Black Death [highlight all]
More Natural World Events
...
John of Gaunt owns Kenilworth
John of Gaunt married Blanche, the daughter of Henry, Duke of Lancaster. Henry owned Kenilworth Castle and when he died (?) John became Duke of Lancaster and took ownership of the castle. Gaunt rebuilt the hall and constructed new grand apartments. [9]
...
New choir built at York
Under the direction of Archbishop Thoresby the eastern end of the building was extended elongating the choir. The architectural fashion of Decorated Gothic was changing to Perpendicular Gothic as this construction work was undertaken. [4]
...
Construction of Queenborough Castle
Queenborough Castle was built by King Edward III and named after his wife Philippa of Hainault.
Oct
Marriage of the Black Prince and Joan of Kent
Oct
Edward, the Black Prince married Joan of Kent at Westminster Abbey.
See Also

1362

English Regnal years: 35 Edward III - 36 Edward III
 
Births

Vere, Robert de (Duke of Ireland) (b.1362 - d.1392)

 
Deaths

Innocent (VI, Pope) (b.1282 - d.1362)

Joan (of the Tower) (b.1321 - d.1362)

Mary (Daughter of Edward III) ( - d.1362)

Orhan (Ottoman Sultan) (b.1281 - d.1362)

...
John becomes Duke of Lancaster
John of Gaunt, King Edward III's fourth son is created Duke of Lancaster.
...
Westminster Abbey Nave
Rebuilding work was begun on the nave and west cloister at Westminster Abbey. The architect in charge of the works was Henry Yevele. [10]
Jan
Hurricane damages spire at Norwich
Jan
A fierce storm or hurricane hit Britain and the spire at Norwich Cathedral fell. The spire damaged the presbytery as came down.. [4]
More Natural World Events
Jul
The Black Prince is given Gascony
Jul
King King Edward III transferred control of Gascony to his eldest son, the Black Prince. Edward the Black Prince had just married Joan of Kent at Windsor and together they created a magnificent court in Bordeaux.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Sep 7
Death of Joan of the Tower
Sep 7
The consort of King David II of Scotland died.
Sep 12
Urban V becomes Pope
Sep 12
Pope Innocent VI died on the 12th of September. He was succeededby Pope Urban V.
See Also

1363

English Regnal years: 36 Edward III - 37 Edward III
 
Deaths

Elizabeth (de Burgh) ( - d.1363)

...
Construction of the Chantry Chapel at Canterbury
The Black Prince organised the construction of the Chantry Chapel at Canterbury Cathedral and he expressed the wish to be buried there.
...
Canterbury Black Prince chantry in crypt built
The Black Prince chantry in the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral built by John Box. [8]
...
Carlisle Cathedral work on the choir
Extra work on the choir at Carlisle Cathedral was carried out between 1363 and 1395. [8]
Nov 23
Conference at Westminster
Nov 23
At a confererence held at Westminster, King Edward III of England and David II of Scotland discussed the issues of the non-payment of the ransom agreed upon at the Treaty of Berwick several years earlier. It was agreed that the outstanding amount did not have to be paid if Edward or one of his sons would become King of Scotland after the death of David.
See Also

1364

English Regnal years: 37 Edward III - 38 Edward III
 
Births

Neville, Ralph (Earl of Westmorland, Earl Marshal) (b.1364 - d.1425)

Percy, Henry (Harry Hotspur) (b.1364 - d.1403)

 
Deaths

Balliol, Edward (King of Scotland 1332) (b.1283 - d.1364)

John (II, King of France 1350-1364) (b.1319 - d.1364)

Apr
Charles V becomes King of France
Apr
King John of France was still in captivity after his capture at the Battle of Poitiers and livng in a certain amount of luxury at the Savoy in London. But a mysterious illness became serious and his died. His body was transported to France for burial. His son Charles became king of France and was crowned at Reims Cathedral. [11]
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

1365

English Regnal years: 38 Edward III - 39 Edward III
 
Births

Edward (of Angouleme) (b.1365 - d.1372)

...
Wells Cathedral South-west Tower
William Wynford was the architect behind the South-west tower of Wells Cathedral. [8]
...
The Black Prince at Restormel Castle
Restormal Castle hosted Edward, the Black Prince and his court.
See Also

1366

English Regnal years: 39 Edward III - 40 Edward III
Oct
Wykeham becomes Bishop
Oct
William of Wykeham became the Bishop of Winchester. Although not approved of by Pope Urban V, Wykeham was consecrated in October 1367.
See Also

1367

English Regnal years: 40 Edward III - 41 Edward III
 
Births

Anne (of Bohemia) (b.1367 - d.1394)

Henry (IV, King of England 1399-1413) (b.1367 - d.1413)

Richard (II, King of England 1377-1399) (b.1367 - d.1400)

Jan 6
Birth of Richard (II) the future King of England
Jan 6
Richard of Bordeaux was born at the abbey of St. Andre in Bordeaux in France. His father was Edward, the Black Prince and his mother was Joan, the Fair Maid' of Kent. He was their second son after Edward of Angouleme. Edward died at an early age and so Richard became second in line to the English throne after his father.
Apr
Wykeham becomes Chancellor
Apr
William of Wykeham became Chancellor of England.
Apr
Henry (IV) the future king of England is born
Apr
Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire. He would become King Henry IV of England.
Apr 3
Battle of Nájera in Spain
Apr 3
Edward the Black Prince went to assist Peter the Cruel, King of Castile, who had been driven from his throne by Henry Trastamara. With a combined army of English, Gascons, Navarrese and Castilians the Black Prince won a battle to put Peter back on the thrown. The victory at Nájera also brought the Castilian fleet under control which had been fighting on the side of the French when Trastamara was in power. Peter was later overthrown and the fleet again started fighting on the French side.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

1368

English Regnal years: 41 Edward III - 42 Edward III
 
Births

Bohun, Mary (b.1368 - d.1394)

 
Deaths

Lionel (of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence) (b.1338 - d.1368)

...
Start of the Ming Dynasty
In China the Mongol dynasty was overthrown and was followed by the Ming dynasty which would last until 1644. [12]

1369

English Regnal years: 42 Edward III - 43 Edward III
 
Deaths

Beauchamp, Thomas (11th Earl of Warwick) (b.1314 - d.1369)

Blanche (of Lancaster) (b.1342 - d.1369)

Philippa (of Hainault) (b.1314 - d.1369)

...
Again England is hit by the plague
Another outbreak of the plague affects England.
More Natural World Events
...
Beaudesert Castle passes to Warwick
When Peter de Montfort died, the castle's ownership passed to Thomas, Earl of Warwick. [9]
Jun 3
Edward III restates claim for French throne
Jun 3
The English Parliament freed King Edward III from the Treaty of Bretigny that was signed in 1360. When Edward signed the treaty he had agreed to give up the claim for the French throne. Now that Edward was free from the treaty he was able to restate and pursue his claim to be the French King. [3]
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Jul (to Nov)
John of Gaunt in northern France
Jul (to Nov)
John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, left Calais with 2,000 soldiers and marched across northern France destroying towns along the way. [3]
Aug
Queen Philippa dies
Aug
Queen Philippa, Edward's wife, died. Edward's affections turned to Alice Perrers who became his mistress and had several illegitimate children. [3]
See Also

1370

English Regnal years: 43 Edward III - 44 Edward III
 
Births

Isabeau (of Bavaria) (b.1370 - d.1435)

...
Gregory XI becomes Pope
...
Gregory XI becomes Pope
Aug
The French reclaim Limoges
Aug
French forces led by the Duke of Berry retook the town of Limoges. [3]
Sep 18
Limoges falls to the Black Prince
Sep 18
Edward, the Black Prince, used miners to undermine the section of the town that did not surrender to the English. The walls were brought down and those who had not surrendered were executed. This included women and children. [3]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

Click to explore

1371

English Regnal years: 44 Edward III - 45 Edward III
 
Births

Cheng Ho (b.1371 - d.1436)

 
Deaths

David (II, King of the Scots 1329-1371) (b.1324 - d.1371)

...
Wykeham asks for war supplies
William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and chancellor, asked for supplies for war. Parliament petitioned the king to stop the practice of ecclesiastics having positions of power and not being liable to account for their actions, and that non-clerical laymen should replaced them. An important supporter of this action was John of Gaunt.
Jan
The Black Prince returns to England
Jan
Edward, the Black Prince, arrived back in England. He had run out of money and was unable to pay his men. He was suffering with a sickness that may have started with dysentery as a result of living conditions on his campaigns. He was physically exhausted.
Feb
David II dies and is succeeded by Robert II
Feb
In Scotland, the Stewart dynasty was begun when Robert II took the Scottish throne after the death of David II. [13]
Qtr 1
Death of Edward of Angouleme
Qtr 1
Edward was the first son of the Black Prince, and Joan of Kent. Edward died at an early age of around seven years old. He was second in line to the English throne at the time, The date of his death may have been late in 1370.
Mar 27
Robert II is crowned at Scone
Mar 27
Robert II is crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey.
See Also

1372

English Regnal years: 45 Edward III - 46 Edward III
 
Births

Katherine (of Lancaster) (b.1372 - d.1418)

 
Deaths

Edward (of Angouleme) (b.1365 - d.1372)

...
Canterbury Crypt Lady Chapel building work
Canterbury Crypt Lady Chapel building work by John Box. [8]
...
Knaresborough Castle granted to John of Gaunt
King Edward III granted the castle at Knaresborough to his son John of Gaunt. This couild have been in 1371.
Jun 22
Battle of La Rochelle
Jun 22
The Battle of La Rochelle was a Castilian-English naval battle fought at the entrance of the harbour of La Rochelle on the French coast in the Bay of Biscay. Commanded by John Hastings, the English fleet had been sent to rescue the town that was being besieged by the French. Both fleets sides were equally matched but after two days of fighting the English fleet was totally destroyed and many of the English sailors and knights had been killed or captured.
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

1373

English Regnal years: 46 Edward III - 47 Edward III
...
Nunney Castle construction begins
Work on the Somerset castle by Sir John de la Mare began. [14]

1374

English Regnal years: 47 Edward III - 48 Edward III
 
Births

Mortimer, Roger (4th Earl of March) (b.1374 - d.1398)

...
A Tomb for John of Gaunt
Henry Yevele was commissioned to design a tomb for John of Gaunt and his first wife Blanche of Lancaster to be built at St. Paul's Cathedral. [10]
...
Wycliffe Royal Commissioner
John Wycliffe was sent to Bruges as one of several Royal Commissioners to discuss conflicts between King Edward and Pope Gregory XI.
See Also

1375

English Regnal years: 48 Edward III - 49 Edward III
...
Simon Sudbury becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
Simon Sudbury becomes the Archbishop of Canterbury.
...
Worcester Cathedral major building work
At Worcester Cathedral work progressed on the vaults of the nave and crossing, the west front, north porch and east cloister until 1395. The work was desiged by the master mason John Clyve. [8] [10]
...
Galilee porch as Peterborough
Construction of the Galilee porch on the West front of Peterborough Cathedral was started in 1375. [8]
...
Construction of Bolton Castle
Work on Bolton Castle was begun by Lord Scrope, the Chancellor to Richard II. [14]
See Also

Timeline Navigation

 

Selection of references used:

  • 1: John J. Robinson, Born in Blood, ISBN:0-87131-602-1, M. Evans & Company / New York, Geoff Bath
  • 2: Derek Wilson, The Tower (1078 - 1978)
  • 3: Hubert Cole, The Black Prince, 1976, ISBN:0-246-10778-2, Granada Publishing Limited (1976), Own copy
  • 4: T. Francis Bumpus, The Cathedrals of England and Wales, 1934
  • 5: www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-03=&volpage=erupt, Global Volcanism Program
  • 6: Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War
  • 7: Unknown, The New Tablet of Memory, 1838
  • 8: John Harvey, English Cathedrals, 1961, Batsford (1961)
  • 9: Mike Salter, Castles and Moated Castles of Warwickshire
  • 10: John H Harvey, Henry Yevele, LIfe of an English Architect
  • 11: Duc de Castries, The lives of the Kings and Queens of France, ISBN:0-297-77676-2, Erdington Library
  • 12: Keith Fielding, A History of England
  • 13: Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, ISBN:0-85097-184-5
  • 14: James Forde-Johnston, Great Medieval Castles of Britain, 1979