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Explore the White Tower

Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.

A Medieval Mystery

There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.

1: Location

Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.

2: Alignment

Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.

3: Size

Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?

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3D/VR

Virtual Buildings

Transport yourself back up to a thousand years and explore historical buildings as they may have appeared in the past.

1376 .. 1400
Please note that the TimeRef website is currently being redesigned.

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Fourteenth Century

114 Historical events occurring between 1376 and 1400

Years: 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400

1376

English Regnal years: 49 Edward III - 50 Edward III
 
Births

Beaufort, Henry (Cardinal-Bishop of Winchester) (b.1376 - d.1447)

 
Deaths

Edward (The Black Prince) (b.1330 - d.1376)

...
The Good Parliament
The Commons accused several of the king's advisers of misusing public money for their own gain and lending money to the king at a hgh level of interest. The motions were supported by the Black Prince who was ill at this time. The king's mistress Alice Perrers was banished from Court.
Mar 31
The Pope and Florence
Mar 31
Pope Gregory XI excommunicates the leaders of Florence and places the city under an interdict. He called for all Florentines to be captured and enslaved.
Jun
Death of the Black Prince
Jun
Heir to the English throne, the Black Prince died. His son Richard would become the next king of England as Richard II.
See Also

1377

English Regnal years: 50 Edward III - 1 Richard II
 
Deaths

Edward (III, King of England 1327-1377) (b.1312 - d.1377)

...
Building work at Gloucester Cathedral
Work on Perpendicular style choir and cloisters was begun at Gloucester Cathedral.
...
Carisbrooke defended against the French
The French landed on the Isle of Wight and attacked Carisbrooke castle. The castle did not fall to the French.
...
Construction of Farleigh Hungerford Castle
Sir Thomas Hungerford began the construction of a castle at Farleigh. [1]
...
Clement VII becomes the Antipope
...
French attacks on the south coast of England
Several attacks on the south coast of England tool place in this year. The village of Rye was sacked and left burning. [2]
Feb
Wycliffe tried for heresy
Feb
John Wycliffe was tried for heresy at the court of the bishop of London at St. Paul's. Wycliffe was supported by John of Gaunt but the trial failed to convict the religious reformer when it ended in riots and chaos.
Jun 21
Edward III Dies
Jun 21
King Edward III of England died in June 1377. One year earlier Edward's eldest son and heir to the throne, Edward the Black Prince died. Richard, the son of the Black Prince, was proclaimed heir to the throne. King Edward was ill for some time before his death, and John of Gaunt, another of Edward's sons, took the affairs of the nation under his control. Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey in a tomb designed by Henry Yevele. [3]
Episode: Edward III - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Jun 23
Richard II becomes king
Jun 23
Richard, the son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of King Edward III, became king.
Jul 16
Richard II is crowned
Jul 16
The ten-year old Richard II was crowned king of England. Ceremonies were overseen by his uncle John of Gaunt. Henry Percy was created Earl of Northumberland at the ceremony in recognition for his services as a soldier leading troops against the French.
See Also

1378

English Regnal years: 1 Richard II - 2 Richard II
...
Canterbury Cathedral rebuilding work
Work on rebuilding the nave and transepts of Canterbury Cathedral was started. The designer was Henry Yeveley one of the greatest architects in the late medieval period.
...
A small Scottish army captures Berwick Castle
With just forty men, Alexander Ramsay approached Berwick Castle and finding no guards on the walls raised ladders and gained entry to the keep. There they killed the castle's commander and took control, The residents of Berwick reacted by destoying the drawbridge to the castle to prevent the Scots from leaving. A larger Scottish army was north of Berwick and Ramsay decided to wait for their arrival, but the Earl of Northumberland with 10,000 men arrived first. They laid siege to the castle and quickly recaptured it, killing all the Scots apart from Ramsay who surrendered.
...
Murder at Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey was closed for several months after a murder took place in the Choir. The Abbey was not reopened for services until it was reconsecrated. Two knights called Schakell and Hawle had taken a Spanish Count prisoner whilst fighting with the Black Prince. As usual a ransom was required for the release of the Count. The Count was allowed to return to Spain to organise the ransom leaving his son as a hostage to ensure the ransom was paid. At this time John of Gaunt was in the process of acquiring the crown of Castile and the saga with the Count's son was an embarrassment. When the two knights refused to release their prisoner they were arrested and sent to the Tower of London. They managed to escape from the Tower and fled to Westminster Abbey and sanctuary, but this was ignored by a group of soldiers led by the Constable of the Tower, Alan Boxhall. Schakell was captured but Hawle and a monk were murdered in the Choir. Several of those involved were excommunicated meaning that they could not be buried after their deaths. [4]
Feb
Wycliffe again tried for heresy
Feb
Again John Wycliffe was tried for heresy but this time he was supported by Joan of Kent the widow of Edward, the Black Prince. The trial ended when the citizens entered the courtroom to save him.
Mar 26
Death of Gregory XI
Mar 26
Pope Gregory XI had been the head of the Catholic Church since December 1370.
Apr 7
Papal Conclave
Apr 7
Held at the Vatican in Rome, the conclave lasted only two or three days and its result was the cause of the Western Schism of the catholic Church. The vote was not seen as fair as a crowd of Romans were demanding a Roman pope and the Cardinals were unable to choose freely. In the end they chose Prignano from Naples.
Apr 18
Urban VI becomes Pope
Apr 18
The coronation of Bartolomeo Prignano took place where he chose the name Urban VI.
Oct
Parliament at Gloucester
Oct
King Richard II held a parliament at Gloucester Abbey from October to December. It put a large strain on the abbey due to the size of the crowds.  [5]
Nov
Halley's Comet
Nov
Return of the comet now named after Edmond Halley who died in 1742 that returns approximately every 75 years.
More Natural World Events
See Also

1379

English Regnal years: 2 Richard II - 3 Richard II
 
Births

Beaufort, Joan (Countess of Westmorland) (b.1379 - d.1440)

...
New College Oxford founded
William of Wykeham founded his college, New College, Oxford. The foundations being laid in 1380.
...
Canterbury Nave and South Transept
Canterbury Nave and South Transept built by Henry Yevele. [6]
...
Canterbury Cloisters
Canterbury Cloisters built by Henry Yevele. [6]
See Also

1380

English Regnal years: 3 Richard II - 4 Richard II
 
Deaths

Charles (V, King of France 1364 - 1380) (b.1338 - d.1380)

...
Richard takes control
Since coming to the throne in 1377, Richard II had been too young to rule. This ended when the last of the 'continual councils' was dismissed. [7]
...
Construction of Wressle Castle
Sir Thomas Percy built Wressle Castle. [1]
...
Death of Charles V and accession of Charles VI
Charles V, King of France, died and was succeeded by his son Charles as King Charles VI, of France.
Episode: Richard II - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
...
More French attacks
The village of Hastings on the south coast of England was attacked by the French. [2]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

Click to explore

1381

English Regnal years: 4 Richard II - 5 Richard II
 
Deaths

Ball, John (b.1338 - d.1381)

Mortimer, Edmund (3rd Earl of March) ( - d.1381)

Tyler, Wat ( - d.1381)

...
Construction of Raby Castle
John Neville, the 6th Lord of Raby, began the building of Raby Castle. [1]
Feb
Marriage of Bolingbroke and Mary Bohun
Feb
Henry Bolingbroke married Mary Bohun.
May
Start of the Peasant's Revolt
May
Essex villagers resisted tax collection; beginning of the Peasant's Revolt in England. [8]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 7
Peasant's Revolt reaches Maidstone
Jun 7
The Kentish section of the Revolt reached Maidstone where they were joined by Wat Tyler who became their leader. They released John Ball from the church prison. [9]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 10
William Courtenay becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
Jun 10
William Courtenay became the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 10
Peasant's Revolt reaches Canterbury
Jun 10
William Courtenay was elected the new archbishop of Canterbury by the Kentish rebels who crowded into the church. The previous archbishop was in London with the king and was to be beheaded by the rebels. The Essex section of the revolt burnt and sacked a Hospitaller commandery that had previously belonged to the Templars called Cressing Temple. [9]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 11
Rebels move towards London
Jun 11
Both the Kentish and the Essex rebels move towards London.
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 12
Rebels reach London
Jun 12
The Essex rebels reach Mile End near Aldgate and the Kentish rebels reach Southwark. [9]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 13
Rebels enter London
Jun 13
The English rebels entered London and joined the local poor in attacking the Savoy Palace and other property; a general insurrection began in Cambridgeshire. [8]
Jun 14
Richard meets the rebels
Jun 14
King Richard II negotiated with the rebel peasants at Mile End, London. At the same time a group of rebels entered the Tower of London and Archbishop Simon of Sudbury, Sir Robert Hales and other officials were killed. Disturbances also started in St.Albans. [8]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 15
Wat Tyler killed
Jun 15
Richard II again met the rebels, at Smithfield; they demanded the confiscation of church land; Watt Tyler was killed and the rebels dispersed; the Prior of Bury St.Edmunds was executed by the townspeople; University property was attacked in Cambridge. [8]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 16
Rebellion elsewhere
Jun 16
The English rebellion spread to Norfolk and on the 19th to Somerset. Sir John Cavendish was murdered by rebels. [8]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
Jun 17
Rebellion again
Jun 17
Norfolk rebels entered Norwich but were repelled by local landowners, led by Henry le Despenser, bishop of Norwich; the bishop met the rebels on the 26th at North Walsham and captured their stronghold. Rebel attacks occurred at Peterborough Abbey and Dunstable Priory, and in Buckinghamshire and Leicestershire. [8]
Episode: Peasants Revolt [highlight all]
See Also

1382

English Regnal years: 5 Richard II - 6 Richard II
 
Deaths

Isabella (Daughter of Edward III) ( - d.1382)

...
Founding of Winchester College
William of Wykeham founded Winchester College so that prayers could be said for his soul for all time. It also provided training for boys that were to enter his other college, New College Oxford. [10]
...
A new castle at Sherriff Hutton is begun
Building work on a new castle started under the direction of John Neville. [1]
Jan 14
King Richard marries Anne of Bohemia
Jan 14
Richard II married Anne, the sister of Wenceslas of Bohemia. This was a diplomatic move over the French as the king of France Charles V wanted Anne his marry his own son. The marriage was not popular as a large loan had to be paid to Wenceslas for the privilege. The coronation of Queen Anne took place a few days later at Westminster Abbey.
May 21
Earthquake
May 21
An earthquake occurred somewhere in the Straits of Dover and was felt in southern England and in the Low Countries across the North Sea. The event happened during a meeting to condem the works of John Wycliffe.
More Natural World Events
See Also

1384

English Regnal years: 7 Richard II - 8 Richard II
 
Deaths

Wycliffe, John (b.1330 - d.1384)

...
Chapel on London Bridge
A chapel dedicated to St. Thomas was constructed on London Bridge. The architect was Henry Yevele. [11]
...
Hever Castle licence to crenellate
King Richard II granted a licence to crenellate to Sir John Cobham. Sir John may have remodelled the appartments, strengthened the outer walls and added gun-loops in keeping with military advancements of the time.
Apr
Criticism of Richard
Apr
At a session of Parliament held this year both John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock argued with Richard about the way in which the country was being run, his finances and the influences of his advisors.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
Dec 31
Death of John Wycliffe
Dec 31
John Wyciffe died.
See Also

1385

English Regnal years: 8 Richard II - 9 Richard II
 
Births

Holland, Margaret (b.1385 - d.1439)

 
Deaths

Joan (of Kent) (b.1328 - d.1385)

...
Licence granted to crenellate at Donnington
Threats of invasion prompted Richard to allow the creation of fortified manor houses. Donnington is one example. [1]
...
Richard leads army to North
Differences between Richard and his uncles were temporarily suspended when an army from France landed in Scotland to help the Scots attack the North of England. Richard took an army to deal with the threat. No battles took place and the English spent most of their time burning the area in front of the Scots to prevent them advancing. In the destruction Melrose and Dryburgh abbeys were damaged. Holyrood Abbey was also burnt down.
...
Richard makes his uncles Dukes
Richard gave his uncles Edmund of Langley and Thomas of Woodstock new titles. He made Edmund the Duke of York and made Thomas the Duke of Gloucester.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
Qtr 2
French prepare for invasion
Qtr 2
All through the summer months, the French prepared men and supplies in the Norman ports. [12]
Episode: Richard II - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
See Also

1386

English Regnal years: 9 Richard II - 10 Richard II
 
Births

Gough, Matthew (b.1386 - d.1450)

...
Licence granted to crenellate at Bodiam
The king granted Sir Edward Dalyngrigge a licence to crenellate his mansion in Sussex due to threats of invasion. But Dalyngrigge decided to build a completely new structure instead.
...
Richard makes de Vere more powerful
King Richard II gave the title of Marquis of Dublin to his favourite, Robert de Vere. This gave de Vere power over all royal lands in Ireland, and made him almost as powerful as Richard's uncles.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
Spring
Gaunt and the Castilian throne
Spring
With the defeat of the Castilians by John of Aviz, the king of Portugal, John of Gaunt saw his chance of taking the Castilian throne by right of his wife. He asked King Richard for a loan to be repaid once he had the throne. Richard was pleased to pay the loan and get rid of Gaunt, as Gaunt was criticising Richard's handling of finances and his choice of advisors. [7]
Summer
French fleet mass at Sluys
Summer
An invasion from France seemed to be imminent as the French fleet mass at Sluys.  [7]
Episode: Richard II - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Summer
Commission appointed
Summer
With the French threatening to invade, Richard's continued disregard of his uncles' requests to remove his Chancellor and Treasurer from office, a delegation met Richard at Eltham. His uncle, Duke of Gloucester acted as spokesman for Parliament. He reminded Richard of his duties and demanded that his advisors be removed. He reminded Richard that if he didn't comply he could be removed from his position as King. Richard had little choice and a commission was set up to oversee the king's affairs.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
Jul 8
John of Gaunt sails from Plymouth
Jul 8
King Richard II did not always agree with the council that was running England on his behalf and his uncle John of Gaunt was one his main opponants. The potential conflict between them came to an end when John set sail from Plymouth to take the Castilian throne. But his departure led to a greater conflict between the king and Thomas Woodstock, the Duke of Gloucester. [7]
Jul 29
John of Gaunt lands in Spain
Jul 29
John of Gaunt landed at Corunna on the northen tip of Spain.
Oct 1
Parliament demands reforms
Oct 1
Parliament, led by the Duke of Gloucester, demanded that King Richard II cease the wasteful manner in which he and his supporters were spending funds that country did not have. Parliament wanted to raise money to protect the south coast of England from attack by the French who were threatening to invade. A request was made to provide Parliament with all of Richard's financial records. This conflict between the King and Gloucester would escalate in the following year.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
See Also

1387

English Regnal years: 10 Richard II - 11 Richard II
 
Births

Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422)

Talbot, John (Lord, Earl of Shrewsbury) (b.1387 - d.1453)

...
The Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales.
Aug 9
Future Henry V born
Aug 9
It is believed that Henry, the future king of England Henry V, was born at the gatehouse tower of Monmouth Castle. His father was Henry Bolingbroke the future Henry IV king of England and his mother was Mary de Bohun. Mary was seventeen when Henry was born. [12]
Dec
Invasion threat from France
Dec
Fear of an invasion from France led Henry Bolingbroke to prepare defences along the south coast during the winter months of 1387 and spring months of 1388,  [12]
Episode: Richard II - The Hundred Years War [highlight all]
Dec 19
Battle of Radcot Bridge
Dec 19
Forces belonging to the Lords Appellant defeated forces led by Robert de Vere, the favourite of Richard II. The battle took place at Radcot Bridge, a bridge over the River Thames at Oxfordshire. Robert de Vere managed to escape by swimming across the Thames and then fleeing over seas. This led to King Richard temporarily being deposed.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
See Also

1388

English Regnal years: 11 Richard II - 12 Richard II
...
Plans to sell Calais
Possibly in an attempt to get help from the French against the rebels, King Richard planned to sell Calais, Guines and Cherbourg. [13]
Aug 5
Battle of Otterburn
Aug 5
The Battle of Otterburn took place some thirty miles north west of Newcastle upon Tyne where the tributary called the Otter Burn joins the River Rede. The Scots led by the Earl of Douglas had sent two armies into northern England and had agreed to meet near Newcastle.The Earl of Northumberland, now too old to take part in any fighting, sent his sons Henry Percy, known as Harry Hotspur, and Ralph Percy to deal with the invasion. When the armies met, Douglas and Hotspur agreed to single hand-to-hand combat, Hotspur lost this fight and attacked the Scots at their encampment. Although the Scots were initially surprised by the attack the English were defeated and both of the Percy brothers were captured. The Earl of Douglas was killed in the battle.
See Also

1389

English Regnal years: 12 Richard II - 13 Richard II
 
Births

Isabella (of France, Wife of Richard II) (b.1389 - d.1409)

John (of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford) (b.1389 - d.1435)

Thomas (Duke of Clarence) (b.1389 - d.1421)

 
Deaths

Murad (I, Ottoman Sultan) (b.1326 - d.1389)

...
Boniface IX becomes Pope
May
Richard II declared his intention to rule freely
May
Richard announced that he intended to rule unaided. [8]
See Also

1390

English Regnal years: 13 Richard II - 14 Richard II
 
Births

Humphrey (Duke of Gloucester) (b.1390 - d.1447)

 
Deaths

Robert (II, King of the Scots 1371-1390) (b.1316 - d.1390)

...
Construction of Lumley Castle
Lumley Castle at Chester-le-Street was built by Ralph, Lord Lumley. [1]
Apr 19
Robert III becomes King of the Scots
Apr 19
Robert II, King of the Scots died at the age of seventy-four and was succeeded by Robert III who ruled from 1390 to 1406. Robert II was buried at Scone Abbey. [14]
Apr 23
A joust on London Bridge
Apr 23
A matter of honour between the English Ambassador to Scotland, Lord Wells, and Sir David de Lindsay, a Scottish knight was settled by the two men taking part in a joust on London Bridge. As relations with Scotland were not good, a safe-conduct order was given so that the knight could travel down to London. The joust took part in front of Richard II himself. After the first two runs neither man had the advantage, but in the third Lord Wells fell from his horse and was injured. The Scottish knight jumped from his horse and tended to Wells much to the delight of the crowd. [15]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

Click to explore

1391

English Regnal years: 14 Richard II - 15 Richard II
 
Births

Mortimer, Edmund (5th Earl of March) (b.1391 - d.1425)

...
Manuel II becomes the Byzantine Emperor

1392

English Regnal years: 15 Richard II - 16 Richard II
 
Deaths

Vere, Robert de (Duke of Ireland) (b.1362 - d.1392)

...
Charter moved to York
After the city of London refused to give King Richard a loan of 1,000 pounds its Charter was removed and given to York. Removal of the Charter was a serious punishment as the king's court would spend money providing much needed jobs.
See Also

1393

English Regnal years: 16 Richard II - 17 Richard II
...
Construction of Wardour Castle
The work on Wardour Castle (now Old Wardour Castle) was begun in this year. The architect in charge may have been William Wynford who was responsible for the changes made to Winchester Cathedral around about the same time. The castle is very unusual in that is hexagonal and aligned to the north-east.
See Also

1394

English Regnal years: 17 Richard II - 18 Richard II
 
Births

James (I, King of Scotland 1406-1437) (b.1394 - d.1437)

 
Deaths

Anne (of Bohemia) (b.1367 - d.1394)

Bohun, Mary (b.1368 - d.1394)

Constance (of Castile) ( - d.1394)

...
Winchester Cathedral rebuilding work
Work began on converting the Norman front and nave of Winchester Cathedral to the Perpendicular style by the Bishop of Winchester, William of Wykeham.
...
Queen Anne dies
Richard II's first wife Anne of Bohemia died. [8]
...
Winchester College opens
William of Wykeham founded Winchester College in 1382 and building work had been progressing since then. The college opened in this year for its first students. [16]
...
Benedict XIII becomes the Antipope
Jun
Deaths of Mary Bohun and Anne of Bohemia
Jun
The rivals Henry Bolingbroke and King Richard both lost their wives in his month. Mary Bohun died in childbirth while Anne of Bohemia died from the plague.
Oct 2
Richard II arrives in Ireland
Oct 2
In response to conflicts between the Irish chieftains the English King landed on Irish shores with a large army. Richard was able to get the submission of all of the Irish princes including Art MacMurrough, the king of Leinster who was the most feared prince of them all.
See Also

1395

English Regnal years: 18 Richard II - 19 Richard II
...
Guy's Tower completed at Warwick Castle
The construction of the huge circular tower called Guy's Tower at Warwick Castle was completed.
...
A tomb for Richard II and Anne
Henry Yevele designed a tomb for King Richard II and his first wife Anne of Bohemia at Westminster Abbey, [11]
May
Richard returns to England
May
After receiving the submission of the Irish princes, King Richard departed from Ireland. He left Roger Mortimer, his nephew, as Viceroy in control of the country. The peace that been obtained during Richard's visit would quickly break down.
See Also

1396

English Regnal years: 19 Richard II - 20 Richard II
...
Portchester Castle Palace
King Richard II had a palace built at Portchester Castle. This included the improvement to two ranges of buildings within the inner bailey of the castle. Kitchens, a large hall and private appartments were added to the castle to provide royal accommodation for when the King stayed at the castle.
Jan 13
John of Gaunt marries Catherine Swynford
Jan 13
Catherine Swynford was the mistress of John of Gaunt. She may have been the governess of of John's daughters by his first wife. After the death of his first two wives, Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile, John married Catherine. They were married at Lincoln Cathedral.
Oct 31
Richard II marries Isabella of Valois
Oct 31
The marriage of King Richard II and the seven or eight year-old Isabella of Valois took place at Calais. Isabella was the daughter of Charles VI, King of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. Richard was near thirty years old but the marriage went ahead because it was part of a peace treaty between the English and French Kings. [8]
See Also

1397

English Regnal years: 20 Richard II - 21 Richard II
 
Deaths

Thomas (of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester) ( - d.1397)

...
Wilton Diptych painted
A series of miniature images painted on the side of the Black Prince's tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.
...
Thomas Arundel exiled
Shortly after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel was exiled by Richard II because of his support for the lords appellant who had opposed the King's misrule of the country.
Episode: Lords Appellant [highlight all]
...
Union of Kalmar
This treaty was signed by Denmark, Sweden and Norway at Kalmar in Sweden. It agreed that the three nations should be ruled by a single ruler and combine their forces to defend each other from attack. Although there were disagreements, the Union managed to last for over a hundred years only falling apart in 1523.
Feb 9
Act of Parliament
Feb 9
The children of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford born before their marriage were legitimated by an Act of Parliament put forward by King Richard II.
See Also

1398

English Regnal years: 21 Richard II - 22 Richard II
 
Deaths

Mortimer, Roger (4th Earl of March) (b.1374 - d.1398)

...
Urquhart Castle becomes the King's property
An act of Parliament is passed which brings the ownership of Urquhart Castle into the hands of the English King. [14]
...
Henry Beaufort becomes Bishop of Lincoln
Henry Beaufort was consecrated biishop of Lincoln in this year.
Sep 16
Henry Bolingbroke exiled
Sep 16
Thomas de Mowbray, the Duke of Norfolk, made a remark about King Richard II which Henry Bolingbroke took as treasonable. Henry informed the King and Mowbray was arrested. Richard had executed or exiled other members of the Lords Appellant the previous year and now Henry and Thomas were concerned that their turn was next. Mowbray had confided these concerns with Bolingbroke. Mowbray denied the accusations and that he ever talked to Bolingbroke. To bring the dispute to an end, a duel between the two was arranged. But before the duel took place Richard changed his mind and banished Bolingbroke for ten years and Mowbray for life. [12]
See Also

1399

English Regnal years: 22 Richard II - 1 Henry IV
 
Deaths

John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster) (b.1340 - d.1399)

...
Treasure found at Beeston Castle
In this year Beeson Castle, which had belonged to Richard II, was handed over to Henry IV. In the castle a hoard of Richard's treasure was found.
Feb
Death of John of Gaunt
Feb
.
Mar
Bolingbroke's land confiscated
Mar
Bolingbroke should have inherited the lands from his father, John of Gaunt, but Richard had other ideas. The king confiscated Bolingbroke's inheritance and increased his term of exile to life. [12]
Summer
Richard goes to Ireland
Summer
Richard sailed to Ireland to suppress a rebellion. He took almost all of his closest supporters with him, leaving an inexperienced Edmund of York in command. [12]
Jul
Bolingbroke returns to England
Jul
Landing at Ravenspur in Yorkshire, Bolingbroke returned to England intent to taking the throne from Richard. He marched south to Bristol taking control of Lancastrian castles on route, all of which welcomed his return. [12]
Aug
King Richard is captured
Aug
Richard returned to England landing in Wales where he became a fugitive. He was captured at Conwy Castle and at a meeting with Bolingbroke at Flint Castle agreed to surrender himself and the throne of England. Richard was transferred to Pontefract Castle where he was imprisoned. [12]
Sep
Bolingbroke accepted by Parliament
Sep
Parliament accepted Bolingbroke's claim to the throne. He was to become Henry IV, king of England. [12]
Oct 13
Henry IV becomes king
Oct 13
Henry IV was crowned King of England after the abdication of King Richard II. Henry was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Oct 15
A new Prince of Wales
Oct 15
Bolingbroke's son Henry, Prince of Monmouth, was made Prince of Wales. The Prince was not the true heir to the English throne as this honour fell to the young Earl of March, but Henry would become Henry V, king of England. [12]
See Also

1400

English Regnal years: 1 Henry IV - 2 Henry IV
 
Births

Tudor, Owen (b.1400 - d.1461)

 
Deaths

Chaucer, Geoffrey (b.1340 - d.1400)

Richard (II, King of England 1377-1399) (b.1367 - d.1400)

Yevele, Henry (b.1320 - d.1400)

...
Henry Yeveley dies.
Henry Yeveley, one of the greatest late medieval architects died in 1400. His work on Canterbury Cathedral was continued by his pupil Stephen Lote.
...
Chapter House at Canterbury building work
Chapter House at Canterbury building work by Stephen Lote. [17]
...
York Minster East Window
Building work on the East Window of York Minster took place until 1405. [6]
...
Tower built at Carlisle
Construction of the tower and north transept at Carlisle Cathedral was begun in 1400 and completed in 1419. [6]
Jan
A plot to kill the new King
Jan
Supporters of Richard II planned to attack King Henry IV during a tournament held over Christmas at Windsor Castle. The plot was betrayed by Edward, Earl of Rutland, son of the Duke of York. Henry and his family escaped to London, and by the time the King returned to Windsor with an army, the rebels had been dealt with by local people. [12]
Feb
Death of Richard II
Feb
King Richard II died some time between the 9th and 17th of February 1400 while being imprisoned at Pontefract Castle. The cause of his death is not known. He died at the age of 33. [3]
Aug
Henry invades Scotland
Aug
To stop the Scots raiding the northern borders of England, Henry took an army into Scotland. The Scottish king Robert III did not concede defeat and Henry had to resort to minor raids of his own without any real outcome for either side. [12]
Aug
Glyndwr's revolt starts
Aug
What started as a land dispute between Owain Glyndwr, a wealthy land owner in Wales and his rival Lord Grey of Rutin quickly escalated into a revolt when the English King Henry IV sided with Rutin and awarded him the land. [12]
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Sep
Glyndwr proclaimed Prince of Wales
Sep
Owain Glyndwr's revolt spread and he proclaimed himself the Prince of Wales. He was joined by the Tudor brothers from Anglesey and began guerrilla warfare against the English in the North of Wales and the Marcher Lords in the centre. [12]
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Oct
Henry fights back against Glyndwr
Oct
King Henry IV moved into North Wales to try and stop the rebellion of Owain Glyndwr, but he was not able to deal with the Welsh rebels, who were more skilled at fighting in the terrain. [12]
Episode: Glendowers Revolt [highlight all]
Oct 25
Death of Geoffrey Chaucer.
Oct 25
Geoffrey Chaucer died. [8]
See Also

Timeline Navigation

 

Selection of references used:

  • 1: James Forde-Johnston, Great Medieval Castles of Britain, 1979
  • 2: John Guy, Castles in Sussex, 1984, ISBN:ISBN-0-85033-523-X, Philimore & Co, Ltd - The Camelot Press Ltd (1984)
  • 3: Michael Senior, The Life and Times of Richard II, 1981, George Weidenfeld (1981), Erdington Library
  • 4: G. E. Troutbeck, Westminster Abbey
  • 5: Abbot Gasquet, The Greater Abbeys of England, 1908, Own copy
  • 6: John Harvey, English Cathedrals, 1961, Batsford (1961)
  • 7: M H Keen, England in the Later Middle Ages, ISBN:0-415-02783-7, Erdington Library
  • 8: Peter Potter, Data Donation
  • 9: John J. Robinson, Born in Blood, ISBN:0-87131-602-1, M. Evans & Company / New York, Geoff Bath
  • 10: A.R.Myers, England in the late middle Ages
  • 11: John H Harvey, Henry Yevele, LIfe of an English Architect
  • 12: Peter Earle, The Life and Times of Henry V
  • 13: JohnHarwood Hill B.A., Chronical of the Christian Ages
  • 14: Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, ISBN:0-85097-184-5
  • 15: John E.N. Hearsey, Bridge, Church and Palace In Old London, 1961, William Clowes and Sons Limited (1961), Own copy
  • 16: Richard Cavendish, Kings and Queens The Concise Guide, ISBN:978-0-7153-2376-2
  • 17: Jasper Ridley, The History of England, 1981, ISBN:0-7100-0794-9, Routledge & Kegan Paul (1981)