Sir John Oldcastle was a knight who had assisted Henry V in defeating the Welsh revolt and was a friend of the King. Oldcastle became the leader of a group of people called the Lollards who sought to change the way the Bible was taught and read the English Bible translated by John Wycliffe. Although a friend of the King's, Oldcastle was branded as a heretic and the penalty was death. Oldcastle was arrested in 1413 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He managed to escape and plotted to capture the King but the plot failed and in January 1414, at a Lollard meeting, the Kings troops arrested many of the leaders of the movement. Oldcastle managed to escape. He was captured in 1416 and in December of that year was convicted by Parliament of treason and heresy. Oldcastle was executed in January 1417.

Prhan was the son of Osman I, and became the ruler of the Ottoman Empire after his father's death in 1323 or 1324. His ruled until his death in1362.

sman Gazi, a Turk, founded the Ottoman empire and through warfare and diplomancy brought together a large amout of territory under his control. His real name may have been Ottman or Ottomano hence the name Ottoman. The origins of the Ottoman Empire can be traced back to a chance encounter by Osman's father, Ertogrul, one of the four sons Suleyman, a ruler or bey of a province in Turkey. After Suleyman's death his lands were divided up amongst his four sons and Ertogrul decided to travel west to seek his fortune with the support of four hundred horsemen. On the journey he came across a battle in which one side was obviously losing. His descision to assist that losing side, led by Sultan Alaeddin, changed the outcome and the battle was won. As a result of Ertogrul's actions the sultan rewarded him with lands at the edge of his territories where the travellers could settle and graze their flocks. Ertogrul made his capital at Sugut, on the north western edge of the Anatolian plateau, the raised land that covers the majority of central part of Turkey. Over the next several decades Ertogrul proved to be an effective commander and led successful attacks on the Greeks to the west. Ertogrul had several sons, one of which was Osman.