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Explore the White Tower

Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.

A Medieval Mystery

There appear to be some strange connections between the fourteenth century Old Wardour Castle and ancient stone circle Stonehenge.

1: Location

Old Wardour Castle appears to be aligned to ancient sites in the Stonehenge landscape.

2: Alignment

Stonehenge is aligned to the Summer Solstice. Old Wardour has a very similar alignment.

3: Size

Could the builders of Old Wardour used mesaurements from Stonehenge to layout the geometrical keep?

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Virtual Buildings

Transport yourself back up to a thousand years and explore historical buildings as they may have appeared in the past.

1251 .. 1275
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Thirteenth Century

118 Historical events occurring between 1251 and 1275

Years: 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

3D Virtual Reconstructions

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1251

English Regnal years: 35 Henry III - 36 Henry III
 
Deaths

Isabella (of Huntingdon) ( - d.1251)

Nov 5
Dedication of Hailes Abbey
Nov 5
The King and Queen, with Richard, Earl of Cornwall (the King's brother) were at Hailes Abbey for its dedication ceremony.
Dec 26
Margaret marries Alexander III
Dec 26
King Henry III's daughter Margaret married Alexander III, king of the Scots, at York Minster. Both bride and groom were under the age of eleven at the time of the wedding. The festivities were huge as many members of the English and Scottish courts attended the wedding.
See Also

1252

English Regnal years: 36 Henry III - 37 Henry III
 
Deaths

Blanche (of Castile) (b.1188 - d.1252)

...
Shrine to St. Ethelreda installed at Ely
A shrine to St. Ethelreda was installed in the retrochoir of the cathedral at Ely. The ceremony was attended by King Henry III and many other dignitaries.
See Also

1254

English Regnal years: 38 Henry III - 39 Henry III
 
Births

Maria (of Brabant) (b.1254 - d.1322)

...
Henry gives Edward his own lands
King Henry III granted his eldest son Prince Edward areas of land including Crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. The prince was also given cities such as Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. These areas were on the edge of Henry's lands and the idea was to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming king. Edward was granted the three castles in the Marches, Skenfrith, White and Grosmont. [1]
...
Alexander IV becomes Pope
Aug
Prince Edward arrives in Castile
Aug
At the age of fifteen Prince Edward traveled from Portsmouth with his mother and the Archbishop of Canterbury to marry Eleanor of Castile the half-sister of the King Alfonso X of Castile. Both Edward and Eleanor were descended from King Henry II. They arrived in Burgos, the capital of Castile, in August where the marriage was due to take place. [1]
Nov 1
Prince Edward marries Eleanor of Castile
Nov 1
Prince Edward married Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian convent of Las Huelgas in Burgos.
See Also

1255

English Regnal years: 39 Henry III - 40 Henry III
...
Abundant Harvest
The harvest for this year was so good that some of it was sold off cheaply. The next three years would be very different. [2]
...
Angel Choir at Lincoln
Work began on the construction of the Angel Choir at Lincoln Cathedral in order to house the body of St. Hugh. Work was completed in 1280. The celebration of the movement of the body was attended by King Edward I, the Queen and many important figures of the time.
...
Llywelyn rules North Wales
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd declared himself ruler of North Wales and had given himself the title of Prince of Wales. King Henry III told Prince Edward that he would not help remove Llywelyn from power and Edward would have to do that himself if he wanted his inheritance.
Apr
Edmund Crouchback and Sicily
Apr
Pope Innocent IV invested the young prince of England, Edmund Crouchback, with the kingdom of Sicily. The Pope was waging war with the house of Hohenstaufen and needed money to pay for the expense. The agreement was that Edmund could take the crown of Sicily if King Henry III helped pay for the war.
Oct
Edward and Eleanor return to England
Oct
After the marriage at a Cistercian convent in Castile, Edward and Eleanor returned via Dover to England. Eleanor lived initially at Windsor Castle.
See Also

1256

English Regnal years: 40 Henry III - 41 Henry III
...
Harvest lost
Hay and corn crops were lost this year. [2]
Sep
The Welsh invade the coastal plains
Sep
Under their leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, the Welsh invaded the northern coastal areas that had agreed to English rule. Prince Edward, who had been given the areas to administer himself by his father King Henry III asked his father for help but Henry refused.
See Also

1257

English Regnal years: 41 Henry III - 42 Henry III
...
Henry and Edward reclaim the Lost Territories
King Henry III relented to his son's demands for assistance to fight the Welsh, and joined him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh under Llywelyn.
...
Floods and famine
Rainy weather in the early part of this year and serious flooding destroyed crops and caused a famine.  [2]
...
Building work at St. Albans
Sections of the Norman apses at the eastern end of the church at St. Albans were damaged during the earthquake of 1250. It was decided to knock these down and replace them with a plan based on work that had been carried out at Westminster Abbey. The work took over sixty years to complete due to periods when funds were lacking. [3]
...
Volcanic eruption
A huge volcanic eruption, thought to have occurred on the Indonesian island of Lombok, took place in this year. The large amounts of rock and gas thrown up into the atmosphere could have been the reason for global weather changes that caused crop failures and famines across Europe for several years. The volcano suspected to be the location is called Samalas.
More Natural World Events
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1258

English Regnal years: 42 Henry III - 43 Henry III
 
Births

Osman (I, Ottoman Sultan) (b.1258 - d.1324)

...
The West Front of Salisbury Cathedral
Work on the excellent West Front of Salisbury Cathedral began around 1258 and took until 1266. [4]
...
Exeter Cathedral rebuilding work
At Exeter Cathedral major rebuilding work took place from 1258 under the control of Bishop Bronescombe who had been impressed by a visit to the new cathedral at Salisbury.
Barons confront Henry
The seven were joined by many more Barons and Knights and they confronted King Henry III at Westminster. Although armed, the Barons did leave their weapons outside the hall. Henry and his son Edward were forced to take the oath to join the commune of Barons and to accept their wished. Henry agreed to meet again with the Barons at Oxford in June. [5]
Qtr 1
The year starts badly
Qtr 1
Because of a series of bad harvests, a wet winter and a late frost, crops were destroyed and cattle starved. People were hungry and dying. Could this have been caused by the volcanic eruption that occurred the previous year? [6]
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
Mar
Llywelyn becomes 'Prince of Wales'
Mar
Llywelyn received the support of the native lords in Wales and declared himself the 'Prince of Wales'. Under him, a united Welsh nation was ready to defend itself from the English.
Apr
Henry asks for money
Apr
The Pope offered the Sicilian crown for Henry's youngest son Edmund. The Pope wanted to add Sicily to the papal dominions. To raise the money required for such an expedition Henry met Parliament at Westminster. The barons who were not involved in the meeting forced Henry to meet again in June where they wanted Henry to reform the way the country was being run. [7]
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
Apr 12
Henry is opposed by the Barons
Apr 12
For many years, Henry had been living beyond the means of the country and with the failure of both harvests and Henry's will to amend his ways, a group of Barons rose up against him. Seven Barons first signed an oath and formed a commune in which they swore to look after each others interests. The seven were Richard de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), John Fitz Geoffrey, Roger Bigod (Earl of Norfolk), Hugh Bigod (Roger's brother), Peter of Savoy, Peter de Montfort (not a relation of Simon), and finally Simon de Montfort. [5]
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
May 11
Treaty of Corbeil
May 11
The Treaty of Corbeil was a treaty between Louis IX of France and James I of Aragon. Both sides gave up ownership of certain lands in exchange for peace.  [8]
Jun
Provisions of Oxford
Jun
Provisions of Oxford. The barons and King Henry III met at Oxford where fully armed, the barons showed Henry that he had no choice but to reform the way the country was being run. A council of fifteen members was set to advise the king. The fifteen were selected by a committee of four, two from the barons and two from the king. The new council was not to last long as the members could not agree amongst themselves on courses of action and by 1260 it had broken up. The reformers and royalists were to take up arms and meet in civil war. [7]
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
Jun
Odiham and Kenilworth handed over to the King
Jun
As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort handed over his castles at Odiham and Kenilworth as part of the proposals put forward in the Provisions of Oxford.
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
See Also

1259

English Regnal years: 43 Henry III - 44 Henry III
 
Deaths

Margaret (Daughter of William I of Scotland) ( - d.1259)

Jun
Truce sought in Wales
Jun
Roger Mortimer was appointed commissioner to agree terms of a truce with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.
Aug 1
Truce agreed
Aug 1
A truce of a year was agreed bewteen Roger Mortimer on behalf of King Henry III and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd the Welsh prince.
Oct 13
Provisions of Westminster
Oct 13
The Provisions of Westminster were a series of reforms made by the Council of Fifteen created in 1258 at the Provisions of Oxford. Their aim was to limit the powers of King Henry III.
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
Dec 4
Treaty of Paris
Dec 4
The Treaty of Paris also known as the treaty of Albeville/Abbeville was a treaty between Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England in which Henry agreed to the loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Poitou. These areas had been lost under the reign of King John. Henry was able to keep the lands of Gascony and parts of Aquitaine. This won Henry the support of Louis IX of France against the rebellious Barons back in England.
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
See Also

1260

English Regnal years: 44 Henry III - 45 Henry III
 
Deaths

John (of Gloucester, Master) ( - d.1260)

...
Beaufort Castle bought by the Templars
The Crusader castle, located near the town of Arnoun in Lebanon, was bought by the Knights Templars.
Jan
Tenby Castle attacked
Jan
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, the 'Prince of Wales' rose up against the English and attacked the castle at Tenby. He also laid siege to Builth Wells Castle with siege engines.
Jul 17
Llywelyn captures Builth Castle
Jul 17
The castle at Builth Wells was captured by the Welsh. [9]
See Also

3D Virtual Reconstructions

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1261

English Regnal years: 45 Henry III - 46 Henry III
 
Births

Margaret (of Scotland, Queen of Norway) (b.1261 - d.1283)

 
Deaths

Alexander (IV, Pope 1254-1261) (b.1199 - d.1261)

...
Urban IV become Pope
Qtr 1
Absolved from the Provisions of Oxford
Qtr 1
Pope Alexander IV agreed to absolve King Henry III from the Provisions of Oxford. [10]
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
May
Henry back in control
May
Having obtained a papal bull (a formal proclamation issued by the pope) to absolve himself from the Provision of Oxford, King Henry III hired an army of 300 French knights as bodyguards and took up position in the Tower of London. His objective was to regain the absolute power that the Barons had taken away.
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
May 25
Death of Pope Alexander IV
May 25
Urban IV was elected Pope after the death of Pope Alexander IV.
Aug 16
Henry appoints new ministers
Aug 16
Henry had deposed ministers that had been appointed at the Provisions of Oxford and appointed new ones. His new proclamation gave the new ministers full power. [10]
Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
See Also

1262

English Regnal years: 46 Henry III - 47 Henry III
...
Katla Volcano Eruption
Eruption of the large Icelandic volcano. [11]
More Natural World Events
...
Union of Iceland and Norway
Iceland moved from a system of rule by chieftains to a single ruler, that being the Haakon IV of Norway, who died in December of 1263, and then Haakon's son. This provided Iceland with protection from Norway and opened trade routes.
See Also

    1263

    English Regnal years: 47 Henry III - 48 Henry III
    ...
    Edward joins Simon de Montfort
    At this time, Edward (to become King Edward I), met up with Simon de Montfort and came under his influence. Edward, knights Simon's two eldest sons. This friendship was not to last.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    ...
    Edward raids the Temple in London
    On the pretence of removing his mother's jewels, Edward (I) entered the Knights Templar's Temple in London and ransacked the treasury, taking the proceeds to the Tower of London.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    ...
    Salisbury Cathedral Cloisters
    Construction of the cloisters at Salisbury Cathedral was started in around 1263 and the work on them continued until around 1284. [4]
    ...
    First Oxford University college founded
    The first college was founded at Oxford University. [12]
    ...
    Worcester attacked
    Robert Ferrers, the earl of Derby, along with Simon de Montfort's son laid siege to the city of Worcester. The attackers finally entered the city and were allowed to sack the city. The Jewish community was targeted by the attackers.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    ...
    End of Edmund's Sicilian hopes
    Charles of Anjou took up the fight for the Sicilian crown in this year. This was either after the Pope cancelled the agreement or Edmund abdicated from the position. Either way, Charles became the King of Sicily in 1266.
    Feb
    Edward returns to England
    Feb
    Edward and his wife returned to England [13]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Jun
    Simon's forces do much damage
    Jun
    Moving firstly westward from the stronghold of one of Henry's supporters to another, Simon de Montfort's forces did much damage, even though Simon had ordered that no sacred place should be attacked. Simon then moved towards the south east coast ports to secure them. By the end of June he had reached Dover, its inhabitants welcoming him. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Oct 1
    The Battle of Largs
    Oct 1
    At the Battle of Largs Alexander III of Scotland attacked the Viking army led by King Haakon IV of Norway and took the islands of the Hebrides. Haakon died on Orkney in the middle of December.
    See Also

    1264

    English Regnal years: 48 Henry III - 49 Henry III
     
    Births

    Katherine (Daughter of Edward I) (b.1264 - )

    ...
    Pevensey Castle siege
    Following the defeat at the Battle of Lewes, King Henry III's supporters fled and took refuge in Pevensey Castle. Simon de Montfort's son, laid siege to the castle, but could not take it.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    ...
    Army at Barham Down
    At a camp near Canterbury, called Barham Down, the supporters of Simon de Montfort gather an army and hold it there to fend off a possible invasion from King Henry III's supporters.
    ...
    Possible comet sighting
    From the Chronicles of Meaux Abbey came the report of the siting of a comet which was said to return every three hundred years. Rising from the east with more brightness than had ever been seen by a living person. [14]
    More Natural World Events
    ...
    Siege of Rochester Castle
    A force led by Simon de Montfort besieged Rochester Castle for several days but the castle did not fall. He left a small number of men to continue the siege but they were attacked and fled. [14]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    ...
    Beeston Castle occupied
    During this year forces belonging to Simon de Montfort occupied and controlled the important Beeston Castle. [15]
    ...
    Tutbury Castle attacked
    Prince Edward attacked the castle at Tutbury as it was the stonghold of one of the rebel barons.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Jan 23
    The Mise of Amiens
    Jan 23
    King Louis IX of France held a court at Amiens known as the Mise of Amiens to decide if King Henry III of England should be freed from the obligations forced upon him by the Provisions of Oxford in 1258 by the Barons. Louis agreed that Henry should be freed and ruled against the Barons.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Apr
    Northampton captured by the King
    Apr
    Henry and Edward captured the castle at Northampton where the sons of Simon de Montfort and their group of rebels were stationed. The sons (Henry and Simon the younger) were taken prisoner. [13]
    Apr
    Warwick castle attacked and destoyed
    Apr
    The castle at Warwick was attacked by forces loyal to Simon de Montfort. The castle was badly damaged in the assault.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    May (to 1267)
    Henry's war with the Barons
    May (to 1267)
    The civil war between King Henry III and the barons. The barons wanted to limit Henry's power and to sort out his finances which were a drain on the barons' resources. The cause was led by Simon de Montfort.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    May 14
    Battle of Lewes
    May 14
    Simon de Montfort surprised King Henry III and Prince Edward, with early movements of his troops on the hills above the castle at Lewes. Henry and Richard of Cornwall defend the centre and left of the castle, but Prince Edward attacked the lighter armed Londoners to the right and forced them to flee and followed them off the battle site. When he returned, he found that King Henry was trapped in the priory and gave himself up in exchange for his father's release. After the battle Simon de Montfort marched on London but the drawbridge on London Bridge had been raised by the Lord Mayor. Simon had the support of the Londoners who managed to lower the drawbridge allowing him into the city, [16]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Jun
    Haco of Norway attacks Scotland
    Jun
    Haco of Norway and his troops landed at the mouth of the Clyde after taking a battering from storms. Three days of fighting resulted in a victory for Alexander III. Escaping to Orkney, Haco died (from injuries ?).
    Jun
    Simon de Montfort summons Parliament
    Jun
    From a provisional administration consisting of Simon de Montfort himself, the Earl of Gloucester and the Bishop of Chichester, a council of 9 were chosen to advise the king. From these 9, 3 were to be with the king at all times. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Summer
    Edward moved to Kenilworth
    Summer
    Edward (I) was held captive at Wallingford Castle but after an escape attempt he was moved to Kenilworth Castle. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    See Also

    1265

    English Regnal years: 49 Henry III - 50 Henry III
     
    Deaths

    Montfort, Henry de ( - d.1265)

    Montfort, Simon de (b.1208 - d.1265)

    ...
    Work begins on the Lady Chapel at Chester.
    Work is begun on the Lady Chapel at Chester Cathedral.
    ...
    Hawaden Castle attacked by the Welsh
    Llywelyn attacked Hawarden Castle because Henry de Montfort had promised to hand the castle over to the Welsh but had failed to honour the agreement. [15]
    ...
    Clement IV becomes Pope
    Jan 20
    Ordinary people's Parliament
    Jan 20
    Simon calls a Parliament where for the first time ordinary people were brought to represent the country. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Feb
    The Barons split
    Feb
    The Earl of Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare organised a tournament where Simon's sons were invited to attend. Angry that de Clare could put his sons in a position of danger where a murderer could take advantage, he stopped the games. Simon and Gilbert fall out and Gilbert moves his allegiance to the king causing a split in the Barons loyalties. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    May 28
    Edward escapes
    May 28
    Left in custody at Hereford, Edward (I) was rescued and joined Roger Mortimer and Gilbert de Clare at Wigmore Castle. Edward escaped by persuading his guards to allow him to exercise outside the castle. The prince had the guards test the speed of their horses, and when all were exhausted, mounted a fresh horse and made his escape. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Summer
    Armies march
    Summer
    Simon's son was sent to London to raise money and troops. He diverted back through Winchester which was loyal to the king and then moved through Oxford and Northampton. Edward (I) moved from Worcester to Bridgnorth destroying bridges and means of allowing Simon who was on the Welsh side of the Avon from crossing back. The people of Bristol, friendly to Simon's cause sent ships to Newport to help Simon cross, but they were intercepted and destroyed by Edward. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Aug 1
    Younger Simon attacked at Kenilworth
    Aug 1
    Simon's son was attacked at Kenilworth during the night being taken completely by surprise and having no chance to defend himself. They had decided to stay in the village rather than in the castle. The younger Simon managed to reach the safety of the castle.
    Aug 4
    Battle of Evesham
    Aug 4
    Using the banners of Simon de Montfort's son captured at Kenilworth, prince Edward approached Simon's position at Evesham. Simon de Montfort was trapped in the bend of the river Avon and forced to fight. Simon was defeated and killed. Simon's youngest son took refuge in Kenilworth Castle, where prepared for a long siege, he managed to hold out until December 1267. [7]
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    Sep 16
    Peace with the Barons
    Sep 16
    After the defeat of Simon de Montfort at Evesham, a limited agreement of peace was declared between King Henry III and the barons. Some resistance remained at Kenilworth and the Isle of Ely until 1267.
    Episode: The Second Barons' War [highlight all]
    See Also

    1266

    English Regnal years: 50 Henry III - 51 Henry III
     
    Births

    John (Son of Edward I) (b.1266 - d.1271)

    ...
    Alexander III acquires the Hebrides
    Alexander, the King of the Scots exchanged his daughter in marriage to Eric, the King of Norway for the Hebrides. [17]
    Jul 2
    Treaty of Perth
    Jul 2
    After the Treaty of Perth the Hebrides and Isle of Man were given to the Scots by the Magnus IV of Norway. The Scots had mainly captured the islands anyway.
    Oct
    Mise of Kenilworth
    Oct
    The rebel barons were given the option by Edward to buy back their properties. Edward was careful not to cause friction between the king and the barons that may have restarted a war. [6]
    Dec
    Edmund Crouchback is granted Kenilworth Castle
    Dec
    Edmund was granted the important castle at Kenilworth as reward in helping the king put down the baronial rebellion.
    See Also

    1267

    English Regnal years: 51 Henry III - 52 Henry III
    ...
    Treaty of Shrewsbury
    The Treaty of Shrewsbury was an agreement between King Henry III of England and Llywelyn the Prince of Wales. Henry recognised Llywelyn's position as Prince of Wales in return for a regular payment. Also known as the Treaty of Montgomery.
    See Also

    1268

    English Regnal years: 52 Henry III - 53 Henry III
     
    Births

    Henry (Son of Edward I) (b.1268 - d.1274)

    Philippe (IV, The Fair, King of France 1285-1314) (b.1268 - d.1314)

    ...
    Caerphilly Castle construction
    Construction of the castle at Caerphilly was begun in 1268 under the control of Gilbert de Clare.
    ...
    Beaufort Castle surrendered
    The Kinghts Templar surrendered Beaufort Castle to the Mamelukes after a strong attack.
    Jun
    Edward take the cross
    Jun
    Prince Edward took the cross in preparation for a Crusade from Ottobuono Fieschi, the papal legate. Ottobuono Fieschi had been sent to help both Henry and Edward sort out troubles at home and was an important factor in the country's rule from 1265 to 1268.
    See Also

    1269

    English Regnal years: 53 Henry III - 54 Henry III
     
    Births

    Eleanor (Daughter of Edward I) (b.1269 - d.1298)

    ...
    Magnetism Experiments
    Pierre de Maricourt performed a series of experiments with magnets and proposed that a machine could be run forever in perpetual motion using the properties of magnets.
    ...
    Eleanor of Provence and London Bridge
    King Henry III granted to his wife Eleanor the revenues from the taxes and rent taken from London Bridge. Originally the money raised on the bridge were supposed to pay for repairs to the structure. With no money to spend on the upkeep of the bridge it began to fall into disrepair. This event may have been the source of the nursery rhyme 'London Bridge is falling down'.
    Oct 13
    Edward the Confessor's remains moved
    Oct 13
    Henry had Edward the Confessor's remains moved from behind the alter to a newly built golden shrine within Westminster Abbey. [1]
    Oct 13
    Westminster Abbey consecrated
    Oct 13
    Sufficient parts of Westminster Abbey were completed for the monks to hold their first service in the new building. October 13th was chosen possibly to commemorate the moving of Edward the Confessor's body just over 100 hundred years earlier. King Henry III died before he could witness the completion of the whole church.
    See Also

    1270

    English Regnal years: 54 Henry III - 55 Henry III
     
    Births

    Henry (II, King of Cypus 1285-1324) (b.1270 - d.1324)

    Wallace, William (b.1270 - d.1305)

     
    Deaths

    Louis (IX, King of France, St. Louis) (b.1215 - d.1270)

    ...
    Caerphilly Castle attacked
    The Welsh attacked the castle during its construction and set it alight. It appears that the conflict could have become out of control but King Henry III intervened and Llywelyn withdrew to leave de Clare to restart the building work.
    Jul
    Prince Edward leaves for the Holy Land
    Jul
    Prince Edward, his wife Eleanor, his cousin Henry (son of the King of the Romans) and many knights left for the Holy Land to join the Eighth Crsuade.
    Jul 20
    The Eighth Crusade
    Jul 20
    King Louis IX of France once again set out on Crusade, not to the east but towards Tunis. Charles, the brother of Louis, influenced the direction as Charles had plans in the East. At Cathage in July, the plague broke out and in August Louis died. [18]
    Sep 14
    Relic given to Hailes Abbey
    Sep 14
    A phial containing the blood of Jesus was presented to abbey of Hailes by the son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The phial had been guaranteed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and had been bought from the Count of Flanders in 1267. A section of the abbey was rebuilt to hold the relic, and it was held in a purpose built shrine. A similar relic had been presented to the King Henry III several years before in 1247.
    See Also

    3D Virtual Reconstructions

    Click to explore

    1271

    English Regnal years: 55 Henry III - 56 Henry III
     
    Births

    Joan (of Acre) (b.1271 - d.1307)

     
    Deaths

    Isabella (of Aragon) ( - d.1271)

    John (Son of Edward I) (b.1266 - d.1271)

    ...
    Marco Polo leaves Venice at the age of eighteen
    Marco Polo left Venice on a trading adventure with his father Nicolo and uncle Matteo. Not seeing Venice again for 23 years.  [19]
    ...
    Lord Edward's Crusade
    The Crusade of Edward, the future King of England. This was a continuation of the Eighth Crusade but also known as the Nineth Crusade. [20]
    ...
    Gregory X becomes Pope
    ...
    Violent storm in Kent
    A terrible storm hit Kent which left the area around Canterbury suffering from famine. [21]
    More Natural World Events
    ...
    Norwich Cathedral struck by lightning
    The spire and central tower at Norwich Cathedral was sruck by lightning during a storm resulting in damage to the building. [22]
    More Natural World Events
    Mar 3 (to Apr 8)
    Krak de Chevaliers siege
    Mar 3 (to Apr 8)
    The final siege at Krak des Chevaliers began in early March. Led by Sultan Beibars and Mumlaks the attackers managed to capture the outer defences and undermine one of the outer towers. The inner defences were much stronger and a direct assult was too difficult. A trick was used instead. A forged letter was delivered to the castle supposedly from the Hospitaller Grand Commander ordering the knights to abandon Krak. The trick worked and the knights left, given safe passage to the coast. [23]
    May
    Edward reaches Acre
    May
    The Sultan of Babylon abandoned plans to attack Acre at the arrival of Edward. Edward moved on to Nazarus where large numbers of Muslims were killed. Becoming ill, Edward returned to Acre where he stayed for 18 months. The fortifications of Acre being too strong for any attackers, an assassination attempt was made on Edward by a messenger from the Emir of Jaffa. The messengers had become a regular occurrence and one managed to approach Edward while he was alone and unarmed. The assassin attempted to stab Edward with a poisoned knife, but Edward saved himself and killed the assassin instead. Edward did suffer a cut and the poison took hold. Luckily, a skilful doctor cut away the poisoned area and, with drugs sent by the master of the Knights Templar, Edward survived.
    See Also

    1272

    English Regnal years: 56 Henry III - 1 Edward I
     
    Deaths

    Henry (III, King of England 1216-1272) (b.1207 - d.1272)

    Richard (Earl of Cornwall) (b.1209 - d.1272)

    ...
    Peterborough Cathedral's Lady Chapel
    The Lady Chapel of the Cathedral at Peterborough was constructed between 1272 and 1286. [4]
    Aug
    Norwich Cathedral riots
    Aug
    Riots broke out between the monks of the Cathedral and the citizens of the town of Norwich. The attacks lasted for three days and the buildings of the church were badly damaged. King Henry III may have visited the Cathedral in an attempt to subdue the riots before he moved on to Bury St. Edmunds. [22]
    Nov 16
    Henry III dies
    Nov 16
    King Henry III was taken ill while at Bury St. Edmunds. He either died there or was taken back to London before he passed away. Henry was buried in the church of St. Peter's at Westminster (which he had rebuilt) in the former grave of Edward the Confessor whose remains Henry had moved to a golden shrine.
    Nov 23
    Edward chosen as King
    Nov 23
    The Council met at the Temple in London and drafted a letter to Prince Edward informing him of his accession to the throne. There was no opposition. [24]
    See Also

    1273

    English Regnal years: 1 Edward I - 2 Edward I
     
    Births

    Alfonso (Son of Edward I) (b.1273 - d.1284)

    ...
    Foundation of Sweetheart Abbey
    This Cistercian abbey was founded by Lady Devorgilla, the wife of John Balliol of Barnard Castle. Monks from Dundrennan Abbey colonised Sweetheart Abbey.
    Feb
    Edward visits the Pope
    Feb
    Edward met the Pope in Rome.
    See Also

    1274

    English Regnal years: 2 Edward I - 3 Edward I
     
    Births

    Bruce, Robert (the Bruce, I, King of the Scots 1306-1329) (b.1274 - d.1329)

     
    Deaths

    Henry (Son of Edward I) (b.1268 - d.1274)

    ...
    Vale Royal Abbey founded
    The foundation of this abbey in Cheshire was a result of an almost disastrous sea crossing by King Edward I. His fulfilment of a vow taken during the voyage resulted in a new abbey called Vale Royal. [13]
    ...
    Investigation into land ownership
    Edward ordered an investigation into the rights of ownership of the land owners in England. Land owners who had obtained land after the start of the reign of Richard I had to provide proof. The information gained from this investigation allowed Edward to plan his taxation more effectively.
    May
    Little battle of Chalons
    May
    While staying in Guienne in France, Edward (I) was challenged to a duel by the Count of Chalons. Fearing a trap Edward took a thousand men with him and was faced by a force of double that. In the battle that ensued Edward's forces overcame the enemy and won.
    Jul 11
    Birth of Robert the Bruce
    Jul 11
    Robert the Bruce, the future King of Scotland, was born at Turnberry Castle, Ayreshire on the west coast of Scotland.  [25]
    Aug 2
    Edward arrives home
    Aug 2
    Edward (I) landed at Dover to be crowned king. (Why did it take him so long to return home after the death of his father?)
    Aug 19
    Edward I crowned at Westminster
    Aug 19
    Seventeen days after returning from the Crusade, Edward was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
    See Also

    1275

    English Regnal years: 3 Edward I - 4 Edward I
     
    Births

    Margaret (b.1275 - d.1318)

     
    Deaths

    Beatrice ( - d.1275)

    Eleanor (Daughter of King John) (b.1215 - d.1275)

    Margaret (of England) ( - d.1275)

    ...
    Chapter-house at Salisbury
    Construction of the Chapter-house at Salisbury Cathedral was begun in 1275. [4]
    ...
    Revolt of Llywelyn of Wales
    Llywelyn ap Gruffydd of Wales had consistently failed to do homage to King Edward I. He had been paying sums of money to the English crown as agreed in the Treaty of Shrewsbury drawn up in 1267 but after the death of King Henry III the payments had stopped. Edward's repeated demands for a meeting with Llywelyn were ignored. In an attempt to stir up internal problems in England Llywelyn sent to France for Eleanor de Montfort who had been promised to him as a bride for his support of King Henry III in the Baronial revolt against the English King. Eleanor was captured by the English on the journey and was then held prisoner by Edward. Edward finally had to accept Llywelyn as a rebel and so began his war on the Welsh. Feudal levies were called for in June 1277 allowing an army to be raised via the feudal system to supports the King's war with the Welsh. [24]
    Episode: Edward I and Wales [highlight all]
    ...
    Major rebuilding work at the Tower of London
    King Edward I spent large sums of money improving the fortifications at the Tower of London. A new moat was dug and a curtain wall was built around it. The land between the Tower and the river was levelled and new apartments were built on the shore. Edward had a complex of gates added which meant it was extremely difficult to attack the castle through the main land entrance.
    ...
    Jews forbidden to lend money
    King Edward I ordered the Jews to stop lending money and charging high rates of interest (usury). Instead, Edward suggested that the Jews should become farmers or learn crafts to earn a living. The Church controlled many of the trade guilds so it was impossible for the Jews to join and it was not possible for them to suddenly learn how to farm land. This led to hardship for many and some resorted to coin clipping. This meant shaving small amounts of metal from coins and melting the shavings down to sell for profit.
    ...
    Death of Margaret
    Margaret, the wife of Alexander III, died in this year. [26]
    ...
    Earthquake destroys Tor church
    The church at the top of Glastonbury Tor was badly damaged by an earthquake. [27]
    More Natural World Events
    ...
    Heavy rains in France
    Heavy rains at the start of the year in France and Germany left crops rotting in the fields.  [28]
    More Natural World Events
    May
    Statute of Westminster
    May
    The Statute of Westminster, drawn up between Parliament and King Edward I, defined the legal privileges that landowners were allowed. These were based on the investigations carried out in 1274 into the landowners rights to own their land.
    See Also

    Timeline Navigation

     

    Selection of references used:

    • 1: John Chancellor, The Life and Times of Edward I, 1981, Erdington Library
    • 2: G.W.S Barrow, Feudal Britain, 1967
    • 3: G H Cook, English Cathedrals through the centuries
    • 4: John Harvey, English Cathedrals, 1961, Batsford (1961)
    • 5: M.T. Clancy, England and its Rulers 1066-1272, ISBN:0-00-686014-1, Fontana Press, Colin McClernon
    • 6: Bonamy Dobree, English Revolts, 1937, Own copy
    • 7: Elizabeth Luckock and Caroline Gundy, Simon de Montfort, 1969, ISBN:08-008236-6, A. Wheaton & Co (1969), Erdington Library
    • 8: Robert Fawtier (translation by Lionel Butler and R J Adam), The Capetian Kings of France, 1966, St. Martin's Press (1966), Oxfam bookshop
    • 9: John Corbet Anderson, Shropshire: Its Early History and Antiquities
    • 10: H.W.C.Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 1949
    • 11: www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-03=&volpage=erupt, Global Volcanism Program
    • 12: J.D.Griffith Davies, England in the Medieval Ages, 1928
    • 13: Jean Powie, Eleanor of Castile, ISBN:0-947731-79-2, Brewin Books, Studley, Warwickshire
    • 14: John Timbs & Alexander Gunn, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North), 1872, Frederick Warne & Co. (1872), Mine
    • 15: John Kinross, Discovering Castles in England and Wales, Shire Publications Ltd
    • 16: John E.N. Hearsey, Bridge, Church and Palace In Old London, 1961, William Clowes and Sons Limited (1961), Own copy
    • 17: Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, ISBN:0-85097-184-5
    • 18: BBC Publication, Background to the Crusades, printed by The Broadwater Press Ltd, Welwyn Garden City
    • 19: Mike Rosen, The Travels of Marco Polo, ISBN:1-85210-324-8, Hall Green Library
    • 20: T. Wise & G.A. Embleton, Armies of the Crusades, ISBN:0-85045-125-6, Shaun Parry
    • 21: Cornelius Walford, famines of the World, 1879, Edward Stanford (1879), Google Books
    • 22: Unknown, A topographical and historical account of Norwich, 1819
    • 23: Robin Fedden and John Thomson, Crusader Castles
    • 24: Kenneth H.Vickers, England in the Later Middle Ages, 1921, Own copy
    • 25: Richard Cavendish, Kings and Queens The Concise Guide, ISBN:978-0-7153-2376-2
    • 26: Powicke, The Thirteenth Century
    • 27: M.R.James, Abbeys, 1925, The Great Western Railway (1925)
    • 28: George Fleming, Animal Plagues from 1490 B.C. to 1800 A.D., 1871, Chapman and Hall (1871), Google Books