Henry, the future king of England, was born at Winchester Castle.

King John's eldest son Henry was crowned King Henry III at the abbey church of Gloucester by Peter des Roches the Bishop of Winchester. The Earl of Pembroke, Earl Marshal of England (William Marshal), was declared Regent.

The Magna Carta was revised at King Henry's Council at Bristol.

King Henry III's supporters defeated the forces belonging to Prince Louis and the rebel barons that were besieging the castle at Lincoln.

The defeat of the French fleet left Prince Louis without much hope of taking the English throne. William Marshall blockaded London from the sea and land and at Lambeth Louis accepted peace terms. Louis waived his claim to the throne of England and should have restored Normandy to Henry but did not. Louis was paid 10,000 marks to ensure he left the country as soon as possible. William Marshall pardoned all those who had supported Louis.

King Henry III of England wrote to the Welsh ruler Llywelyn the Great and promised safe-conduct if they met at Worcester, A peace treaty was signed by Henry and Llywelyn at Worcester which confirmed Llywelyn's ownership of lands in Wales and in return Llywelyn agreed to pay homage to Henry and to return those castles that he had captured.

King Henry III made large alterations to the Tower of London including new curtain walls, an improved water filled ditch, and a water gate, so the King could enter the castle directly from the Thames. ^[1]

At his coronation in Westminster Abbey, King Henry was reminded of his duties at king to maintain peace, defend the rights of the crown and to dispense justice where required. Henry was only around thirteen years old. The day before the coronation Henry laid the foundation stone of a new Lady Chapel at the Abbey.

King Henry III started the construction of a new castle at Montgomery on the Welsh border with England.

While King Henry was occupied with problems caused by the barons, Louis VIII took the opportunity to take an army into Poitou and besiege La Rochelle. Unable or unwilling to send assistance from England, Henry allowed the town to be captured and by the end of the year the northern part of Aquitaine fell to the French.

All those castles that had been taken from King John were claimed back by Henry. Henry did not want to have untrustworthy Barons in control of strong castles. Fawkes de Breaute, one of the castle occupiers refused to relinquish his castle(s) and started a short rebellion. Stephen Langton and Hubert de Burgh dealt with Fawkes and the castles were handed over. (Need to find out which castles)

The garrison at Bedford Castle, belonging to the rebel Falkes de Breute, refused to surrender to the Crown. Falkes had been repeated summonsed to account for his refusal to comply with agreement and when he refused to appear before the King the castle was surrounded. The castle fell when the keep was undermined. The garrison, who had surrendered the castle, were all hung on the order of the Justiciar. Falkes was allowed to leave the country but he lost all his possessions in doing so. Bedford Castle was badly damaged as a result. ^[2]

King Henry III spent time at the Palace of Woodstock. ^[3]

The Castle and Honour of Knaresborough were granted to Hubert de Burgh by King Henry. The Honour would be taken from de Burgh a few years later.

King Henry III called for an army to be assembled at Portsmouth to be transported to Normandy to regain lost territories. A large army of knights turned up ready to go but not enough ships had been provided. The King blamed Hubert de Burgh for the fiasco and in his rage would have killed him if Ranulf of Chester had not intervened. This marks the beginning of the rift between Henry and Hubert de Burgh. The expedition was postponed until the mid of 1230. ^[4]

King Henry III ordered the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorset and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, the Earl of Leicester. ^[5]

King Henry III was persuaded to remove Hubert de Burgh. Hubert escaped from prison and took refuge in a church at Devizes. After being dragged from the church Hubert was re-imprisoned. The bishop of Salisbury forced the Government to return Hubert to the church where his supporters rescued him.

Peter des Rievaulx, the nephew of the Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, is made treasurer of the King Henry III's household and keeper of the king's wardrobe. This moved him into an extremely important position for controlling the king's affairs. ^[5]

King Henry III donated one hundred and ten oaks from the forest of Dean to help in repair work at Gloucester church.

Richard, Earl of Pembroke in alliance with Llywelyn of Wales join forces to fight King Henry III. (Details required). ^[6]

With the introduction of Peter de Roches as justiciar and the removal of Hubert de Burgh, control of the Exchequer came under Poitevin control and possibly reversed the gains created by the Magna Carta in 1215. King Henry III was given control of central administration. This angered the Barons and a group led by Richard Marshall, Earl of Pembroke opposed the changes. ^[6]

King Henry III was at Gloucester where he summonsed Richard Marshall. When the Earl refused to attend Henry called for an army to be formed to deal with the rebellion.

King Henry III's army was camped at Grosmont Castle when they were attacked in the night by a force of Welsh and English rebels. Several of Henry's supporters were captured and the castle was returned to Hubert de Burgh, one of the rebels. ^[2]

King Henry III spent time at the Palace of Woodstock. ^[3]

The Tower of London was home to a menagerie of exotic animals given to the monarchs of England as gifts. In this year three leopards were given to King Henry III. ^[7]

King Henry III married Eleanor, one of four daughters of Raymond count of Provence. Eleanor was 14 years old. Simon de Montfort, as Lord High Steward, took care of the banquet and kitchen arrangements. The ceremony took place at Canterbury Cathedral. ^[5]

With the death of the last male heir of the Earldom of Cheshire, the earldom and castle at Beeston are claimed by King Henry III. The castle was too important not to be in the hands of the crown.

The Scottish king, Alexander agreed to peace with King Henry in exchange for 200 pounds to per paid per year from the northern counties.

Simon de Montfort married King Henry III's sister, Eleanor secretly. She had been married to William, Earl of Pembroke (son of William Marshal?), but he died at a young age and left her with his wealth. The Barons were not happy with this arrangement as they were not consulted. ^[5]

Edward was the first son born to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence and was born at the Palace of Westminster. Simon de Montfort was chosen as his godfather by Henry III. ^[5]

Jews in England were arrested and expelled.

Henry spent time at Woodstock and entertained Alexander. King of the Scots and the English nobility. ^[3]

Simon de Montfort is one a twelve man council who met to work out Henry's finances. Henry was criticised for his excesses. ^[5]

Isabella, Henry's mother persuaded Henry to mount an expedition to retake Poitou. Unable to get money directly from the barons, Henry resorted to extort money from them individually instead (how?). The expedition failed, and after being rescued the Earls of Leicester, Salisbury and Norfolk, Henry retreated to Bordeaux where they spent the winter. ^[5]

King Henry III bestowed the custody of Kenilworth Castle to Simon de Montfort. Simon's wife Eleanor, Henry's sister, already owned Odiham Castle so Simon had two of the strongest fortresses in England under his control. ^[5]

Henry started the work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey as a tribute to Edward the Confessor. ^[8]

King Henry III granted Pevensey castle to the Queen's uncle, Peter de Savoy, Earl of Richmond.

The Cistercian abbey at Beaulieu, founded earlier by King John, was dedicated in the presence of King Henry III, Queen Eleanor and Prince Edward. ^[9]

Henry received a relic from the patriarch of Jerusalem consisting of a portion of the blood of Christ in a crystal vase. Henry walked with the vase in his hands clothed in a course robe from the treasury in St. Paul's to the church of Westminster where mass was said. He was assisted by attendants on both sides in case he slipped and dropped the vase.

This treaty between King Henry of England and the Welsh princes brought peace under the condition that the princes paid homage to Henry and would supply a number of soldiers when asked.

King Henry III ordered the construction of a castle at Rye to protect the River Rother from attack from the sea. ^[10]

King Henry began preparations to undertake a Crusade by taking the Cross. He never did travel to the Holy Land and so this may have been a tactic to raise much needed funds.

The King and Queen, with Richard, Earl of Cornwall (the King's brother) were at Hailes Abbey for its dedication ceremony.

King Henry III's daughter Margaret married Alexander III, king of the Scots, at York Minster. Both bride and groom were under the age of eleven at the time of the wedding. The festivities were huge as many members of the English and Scottish courts attended the wedding.

A shrine to St. Ethelreda was installed in the retrochoir of the cathedral at Ely. The ceremony was attended by King Henry III and many other dignitaries.

King Henry III granted his eldest son Prince Edward areas of land including Crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. The prince was also given cities such as Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. These areas were on the edge of Henry's lands and the idea was to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming king. Edward was granted the three castles in the Marches, Skenfrith, White and Grosmont. ^[8]

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd declared himself ruler of North Wales and had given himself the title of Prince of Wales. King Henry III told Prince Edward that he would not help remove Llywelyn from power and Edward would have to do that himself if he wanted his inheritance.

Pope Innocent IV invested the young prince of England, Edmund Crouchback, with the kingdom of Sicily. The Pope was waging war with the house of Hohenstaufen and needed money to pay for the expense. The agreement was that Edmund could take the crown of Sicily if King Henry III helped pay for the war.

Under their leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, the Welsh invaded the northern coastal areas that had agreed to English rule. Prince Edward, who had been given the areas to administer himself by his father King Henry III asked his father for help but Henry refused.

King Henry III relented to his son's demands for assistance to fight the Welsh, and joined him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh under Llywelyn.

The seven were joined by many more Barons and Knights and they confronted King Henry III at Westminster. Although armed, the Barons did leave their weapons outside the hall. Henry and his son Edward were forced to take the oath to join the commune of Barons and to accept their wished. Henry agreed to meet again with the Barons at Oxford in June. ^[11]

The Pope offered the Sicilian crown for Henry's youngest son Edmund. The Pope wanted to add Sicily to the papal dominions. To raise the money required for such an expedition Henry met Parliament at Westminster. The barons who were not involved in the meeting forced Henry to meet again in June where they wanted Henry to reform the way the country was being run. ^[5]

For many years, Henry had been living beyond the means of the country and with the failure of both harvests and Henry's will to amend his ways, a group of Barons rose up against him. Seven Barons first signed an oath and formed a commune in which they swore to look after each others interests. The seven were Richard de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), John Fitz Geoffrey, Roger Bigod (Earl of Norfolk), Hugh Bigod (Roger's brother), Peter of Savoy, Peter de Montfort (not a relation of Simon), and finally Simon de Montfort. ^[11]

Provisions of Oxford. The barons and King Henry III met at Oxford where fully armed, the barons showed Henry that he had no choice but to reform the way the country was being run. A council of fifteen members was set to advise the king. The fifteen were selected by a committee of four, two from the barons and two from the king. The new council was not to last long as the members could not agree amongst themselves on courses of action and by 1260 it had broken up. The reformers and royalists were to take up arms and meet in civil war. ^[5]

As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort handed over his castles at Odiham and Kenilworth as part of the proposals put forward in the Provisions of Oxford.

A truce of a year was agreed bewteen Roger Mortimer on behalf of King Henry III and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd the Welsh prince.

The Provisions of Westminster were a series of reforms made by the Council of Fifteen created in 1258 at the Provisions of Oxford. Their aim was to limit the powers of King Henry III.

The Treaty of Paris also known as the treaty of Albeville/Abbeville was a treaty between Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England in which Henry agreed to the loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Poitou. These areas had been lost under the reign of King John. Henry was able to keep the lands of Gascony and parts of Aquitaine. This won Henry the support of Louis IX of France against the rebellious Barons back in England.

Pope Alexander IV agreed to absolve King Henry III from the Provisions of Oxford. ^[12]

Having obtained a papal bull (a formal proclamation issued by the pope) to absolve himself from the Provision of Oxford, King Henry III hired an army of 300 French knights as bodyguards and took up position in the Tower of London. His objective was to regain the absolute power that the Barons had taken away.

Henry had deposed ministers that had been appointed at the Provisions of Oxford and appointed new ones. His new proclamation gave the new ministers full power. ^[12]

Following the defeat at the Battle of Lewes, King Henry III's supporters fled and took refuge in Pevensey Castle. Simon de Montfort's son, laid siege to the castle, but could not take it.

At a camp near Canterbury, called Barham Down, the supporters of Simon de Montfort gather an army and hold it there to fend off a possible invasion from King Henry III's supporters.

King Louis IX of France held a court at Amiens known as the Mise of Amiens to decide if King Henry III of England should be freed from the obligations forced upon him by the Provisions of Oxford in 1258 by the Barons. Louis agreed that Henry should be freed and ruled against the Barons.

Henry and Edward captured the castle at Northampton where the sons of Simon de Montfort and their group of rebels were stationed. The sons (Henry and Simon the younger) were taken prisoner. ^[13]

The civil war between King Henry III and the barons. The barons wanted to limit Henry's power and to sort out his finances which were a drain on the barons' resources. The cause was led by Simon de Montfort.

Simon de Montfort surprised King Henry III and Prince Edward, with early movements of his troops on the hills above the castle at Lewes. Henry and Richard of Cornwall defend the centre and left of the castle, but Prince Edward attacked the lighter armed Londoners to the right and forced them to flee and followed them off the battle site. When he returned, he found that King Henry was trapped in the priory and gave himself up in exchange for his father's release. After the battle Simon de Montfort marched on London but the drawbridge on London Bridge had been raised by the Lord Mayor. Simon had the support of the Londoners who managed to lower the drawbridge allowing him into the city, ^[14]

From a provisional administration consisting of Simon de Montfort himself, the Earl of Gloucester and the Bishop of Chichester, a council of 9 were chosen to advise the king. From these 9, 3 were to be with the king at all times. ^[5]

After the defeat of Simon de Montfort at Evesham, a limited agreement of peace was declared between King Henry III and the barons. Some resistance remained at Kenilworth and the Isle of Ely until 1267.

Edmund was granted the important castle at Kenilworth as reward in helping the king put down the baronial rebellion.

The Treaty of Shrewsbury was an agreement between King Henry III of England and Llywelyn the Prince of Wales. Henry recognised Llywelyn's position as Prince of Wales in return for a regular payment. Also known as the Treaty of Montgomery.

King Henry III granted to his wife Eleanor the revenues from the taxes and rent taken from London Bridge. Originally the money raised on the bridge were supposed to pay for repairs to the structure. With no money to spend on the upkeep of the bridge it began to fall into disrepair. This event may have been the source of the nursery rhyme 'London Bridge is falling down'.

Henry had Edward the Confessor's remains moved from behind the alter to a newly built golden shrine within Westminster Abbey. ^[8]

Sufficient parts of Westminster Abbey were completed for the monks to hold their first service in the new building. October 13th was chosen possibly to commemorate the moving of Edward the Confessor's body just over 100 hundred years earlier. King Henry III died before he could witness the completion of the whole church.

A phial containing the blood of Jesus was presented to abbey of Hailes by the son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The phial had been guaranteed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and had been bought from the Count of Flanders in 1267. A section of the abbey was rebuilt to hold the relic, and it was held in a purpose built shrine. A similar relic had been presented to the King Henry III several years before in 1247.

Riots broke out between the monks of the Cathedral and the citizens of the town of Norwich. The attacks lasted for three days and the buildings of the church were badly damaged. King Henry III may have visited the Cathedral in an attempt to subdue the riots before he moved on to Bury St. Edmunds. ^[15]

King Henry III was taken ill while at Bury St. Edmunds. He either died there or was taken back to London before he passed away. Henry was buried in the church of St. Peter's at Westminster (which he had rebuilt) in the former grave of Edward the Confessor whose remains Henry had moved to a golden shrine.

Edward (I) landed at Dover to be crowned king. (Why did it take him so long to return home after the death of his father?)