Edward was the first son born to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence and was born at the Palace of Westminster. Simon de Montfort was chosen as his godfather by Henry III. ^[1]

The Cistercian abbey at Beaulieu, founded earlier by King John, was dedicated in the presence of King Henry III, Queen Eleanor and Prince Edward. ^[2]

King Henry III granted his eldest son Prince Edward areas of land including Crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. The prince was also given cities such as Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. These areas were on the edge of Henry's lands and the idea was to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming king. Edward was granted the three castles in the Marches, Skenfrith, White and Grosmont. ^[3]

At the age of fifteen Prince Edward traveled from Portsmouth with his mother and the Archbishop of Canterbury to marry Eleanor of Castile the half-sister of the King Alfonso X of Castile. Both Edward and Eleanor were descended from King Henry II. They arrived in Burgos, the capital of Castile, in August where the marriage was due to take place. ^[3]

Prince Edward married Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian convent of Las Huelgas in Burgos.

Work began on the construction of the Angel Choir at Lincoln Cathedral in order to house the body of St. Hugh. Work was completed in 1280. The celebration of the movement of the body was attended by King Edward I, the Queen and many important figures of the time.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd declared himself ruler of North Wales and had given himself the title of Prince of Wales. King Henry III told Prince Edward that he would not help remove Llywelyn from power and Edward would have to do that himself if he wanted his inheritance.

After the marriage at a Cistercian convent in Castile, Edward and Eleanor returned via Dover to England. Eleanor lived initially at Windsor Castle.

Under their leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, the Welsh invaded the northern coastal areas that had agreed to English rule. Prince Edward, who had been given the areas to administer himself by his father King Henry III asked his father for help but Henry refused.

King Henry III relented to his son's demands for assistance to fight the Welsh, and joined him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh under Llywelyn.

The castle at Builth Wells was captured by the Welsh. ^[4]

At this time, Edward (to become King Edward I), met up with Simon de Montfort and came under his influence. Edward, knights Simon's two eldest sons. This friendship was not to last.

On the pretence of removing his mother's jewels, Edward (I) entered the Knights Templar's Temple in London and ransacked the treasury, taking the proceeds to the Tower of London.

Edward and his wife returned to England ^[5]

Prince Edward attacked the castle at Tutbury as it was the stonghold of one of the rebel barons.

Henry and Edward captured the castle at Northampton where the sons of Simon de Montfort and their group of rebels were stationed. The sons (Henry and Simon the younger) were taken prisoner. ^[5]

Simon de Montfort surprised King Henry III and Prince Edward, with early movements of his troops on the hills above the castle at Lewes. Henry and Richard of Cornwall defend the centre and left of the castle, but Prince Edward attacked the lighter armed Londoners to the right and forced them to flee and followed them off the battle site. When he returned, he found that King Henry was trapped in the priory and gave himself up in exchange for his father's release. After the battle Simon de Montfort marched on London but the drawbridge on London Bridge had been raised by the Lord Mayor. Simon had the support of the Londoners who managed to lower the drawbridge allowing him into the city, ^[6]

Edward (I) was held captive at Wallingford Castle but after an escape attempt he was moved to Kenilworth Castle. ^[1]

Left in custody at Hereford, Edward (I) was rescued and joined Roger Mortimer and Gilbert de Clare at Wigmore Castle. Edward escaped by persuading his guards to allow him to exercise outside the castle. The prince had the guards test the speed of their horses, and when all were exhausted, mounted a fresh horse and made his escape. ^[1]

Simon's son was sent to London to raise money and troops. He diverted back through Winchester which was loyal to the king and then moved through Oxford and Northampton. Edward (I) moved from Worcester to Bridgnorth destroying bridges and means of allowing Simon who was on the Welsh side of the Avon from crossing back. The people of Bristol, friendly to Simon's cause sent ships to Newport to help Simon cross, but they were intercepted and destroyed by Edward. ^[1]

Simon's son was attacked at Kenilworth during the night being taken completely by surprise and having no chance to defend himself. They had decided to stay in the village rather than in the castle. The younger Simon managed to reach the safety of the castle.

Using the banners of Simon de Montfort's son captured at Kenilworth, prince Edward approached Simon's position at Evesham. Simon de Montfort was trapped in the bend of the river Avon and forced to fight. Simon was defeated and killed. Simon's youngest son took refuge in Kenilworth Castle, where prepared for a long siege, he managed to hold out until December 1267. ^[1]

The rebel barons were given the option by Edward to buy back their properties. Edward was careful not to cause friction between the king and the barons that may have restarted a war. ^[7]

Prince Edward took the cross in preparation for a Crusade from Ottobuono Fieschi, the papal legate. Ottobuono Fieschi had been sent to help both Henry and Edward sort out troubles at home and was an important factor in the country's rule from 1265 to 1268.

Prince Edward, his wife Eleanor, his cousin Henry (son of the King of the Romans) and many knights left for the Holy Land to join the Eighth Crsuade.

The Sultan of Babylon abandoned plans to attack Acre at the arrival of Edward. Edward moved on to Nazarus where large numbers of Muslims were killed. Becoming ill, Edward returned to Acre where he stayed for 18 months. The fortifications of Acre being too strong for any attackers, an assassination attempt was made on Edward by a messenger from the Emir of Jaffa. The messengers had become a regular occurrence and one managed to approach Edward while he was alone and unarmed. The assassin attempted to stab Edward with a poisoned knife, but Edward saved himself and killed the assassin instead. Edward did suffer a cut and the poison took hold. Luckily, a skilful doctor cut away the poisoned area and, with drugs sent by the master of the Knights Templar, Edward survived.

The Council met at the Temple in London and drafted a letter to Prince Edward informing him of his accession to the throne. There was no opposition. ^[8]

Edward met the Pope in Rome.

The foundation of this abbey in Cheshire was a result of an almost disastrous sea crossing by King Edward I. His fulfilment of a vow taken during the voyage resulted in a new abbey called Vale Royal. ^[5]

Edward ordered an investigation into the rights of ownership of the land owners in England. Land owners who had obtained land after the start of the reign of Richard I had to provide proof. The information gained from this investigation allowed Edward to plan his taxation more effectively.

While staying in Guienne in France, Edward (I) was challenged to a duel by the Count of Chalons. Fearing a trap Edward took a thousand men with him and was faced by a force of double that. In the battle that ensued Edward's forces overcame the enemy and won.

Edward (I) landed at Dover to be crowned king. (Why did it take him so long to return home after the death of his father?)

Seventeen days after returning from the Crusade, Edward was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.

Llywelyn ap Gruffydd of Wales had consistently failed to do homage to King Edward I. He had been paying sums of money to the English crown as agreed in the Treaty of Shrewsbury drawn up in 1267 but after the death of King Henry III the payments had stopped. Edward's repeated demands for a meeting with Llywelyn were ignored. In an attempt to stir up internal problems in England Llywelyn sent to France for Eleanor de Montfort who had been promised to him as a bride for his support of King Henry III in the Baronial revolt against the English King. Eleanor was captured by the English on the journey and was then held prisoner by Edward. Edward finally had to accept Llywelyn as a rebel and so began his war on the Welsh. Feudal levies were called for in June 1277 allowing an army to be raised via the feudal system to supports the King's war with the Welsh. ^[8]

King Edward I spent large sums of money improving the fortifications at the Tower of London. A new moat was dug and a curtain wall was built around it. The land between the Tower and the river was levelled and new apartments were built on the shore. Edward had a complex of gates added which meant it was extremely difficult to attack the castle through the main land entrance.

King Edward I ordered the Jews to stop lending money and charging high rates of interest (usury). Instead, Edward suggested that the Jews should become farmers or learn crafts to earn a living. The Church controlled many of the trade guilds so it was impossible for the Jews to join and it was not possible for them to suddenly learn how to farm land. This led to hardship for many and some resorted to coin clipping. This meant shaving small amounts of metal from coins and melting the shavings down to sell for profit.

The Statute of Westminster, drawn up between Parliament and King Edward I, defined the legal privileges that landowners were allowed. These were based on the investigations carried out in 1274 into the landowners rights to own their land.

King Edward I ordered improvements to be made to the castle at Builth.

Reconstruction of the castle at Aberystwyth was begun by the English during King Edward I's conflict with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. ^[9]

King Edward I of England granted Ruthin to Dafydd, the brother of Prince Llewelyn ap Gruffudd in return for his help against his brother who have been attacking English interests in the north of Wales. Construction of Ruthin Castle may have begun under the direction of Edward or Dafydd himself.

King Edward I called for feudal levies to be collected to pay for his war against the Welsh prince who had repeatedly refused to pay him homage.

As part of the plans to defeat Llywelyn, King Edward I ordered the construction of Flint Castle in Clwyd. Edward had been impressed by fortified town and castle combinations he had seen on his travels in France and Flint Castle was designed in the same manor. The castle was completed in 1280.

Joined by a force of some 800 cavalry and 2500 infantry at Worcester, King Edward I moved north to Chester. Edward's forces then proceeded to move along the north coast of Wales. His advance was impeded by dense forest which offered the Welsh good opportunities to launch surprise attacks on the English troops. Edward built a wide road through the forests building fortified posts along the way. The force of soldiers were on a forty-days service agreement and after that some returned home. Edward retained some by paying them extra for their services. ^[8]

Leaving work on Flint Castle underway King Edward I moved on up the coast to Rhuddlan where he found the remains of an old Norman Motte and Bailey castle overlooking an important crossing point of the river Clywd. A new castle was ordered and work began to create both the castle and a new town alongside.

Edward and his wife Eleanor of Castile laid the foundation stone of the Cistercian Abbey of Vale Royal in Cheshire. ^[5]

Llywelyn was cut off from supplies and an escape route so had to accept defeat. Edward demanded payment of £50,000 and all of Llywelyn's territories. Llywelyn was left only with the Isle of Anglesey which he had to pay rent of £1,000 a year. Edward also demanded that Anglesey should be handed over if Llywelyn died without a male heir. Llywelyn swore fealty to Edward at Rhuddlan on November 10th and again at a ceremony at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day.

King Edward I raised the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. Many Jews were arrested in London for coin clipping and almost 300 of them were executed for the crime. The practice entailed cutting slivers of metal off coins and forging new coins from the small pieces.

King Edward I and Queen Eleanor visited Glasonbury Abbey and ordered that the tomb of King Arthur be opened for their inspection. In a ceremony the remains were taken to the high altar and then reburied. ^[2]

With peace between Edward and Llywelyn, the marriage between Llywelyn and Eleanor de Montfort was allowed to continue. The marriage took place at Worcester and was attended by Edward. ^[8]

On Advent Sunday, after several years of rebuilding, the cathedral at Norwich was re-dedicated by Bishop WIlliam de Middleton. King Edward I and Queen Eleanor were present at the ceremony. ^[10]

King Edward I had new coins minted. (To help fund Welsh campaigns?). The coins were so popular abroad that Edward had to ban any export of coins. Foreign fakes flood England. ^[11]

King Edward I was concerned that the Church was becoming too wealthy at the expense of the country. To counteract this the Statute of Mortmain stated that land being given to the church must be done by royal approval. Land that had been donated to the Church in the past had reduced the tax revenues for the King.

To assist in controlling Wales, King Edward took control of the castles at Carmarthan and Cardigan from his brother Edmund, the Duke of Lancaster.

King Edward I was responsible for the construction of the Beauchamp Tower at the Tower of London on the western side of the curtain wall. It got its name later on in 1397 when Thomas Beauchamp was imprisoned there by Richard II. The three storey tower was large enough to hold not only the captive, but members of his household as well. It has been used to hold other important prisoners since.

Another castle was built by King Edward I's master castle builder, James of St. George in North Wales.

A very cold winter caused ice and snow to form around the piers of London Bridge. The pressure of the ice caused five arches to collapse. King Edward I made sure that extra taxes were raised from people crossing the bridge to provide for its repairs. ^[6]

When Dafydd ap Gruffyd rebelled against King Edward the Welsh area Dyffryn Clwyd became was granted to Reginald de Grey as a Marcher Lordship. Reginald was granted the castle at Ruthin.

David, Llywelyn's brother, rose up in revolt. Llywelyn, even though he had sworn fealty to Edward, joined his brother in the fight against the English.

King Edward had called for the feudal army to gather at Rhuddlan in August to put down the Welsh revolt. Edward and Eleanor's daughter Elizabeth was born at Rhuddlan at this time. ^[8]

Luke de Tany, on the side of the English, had taken control of Anglesey. The plan was attack the Welsh rebels from the north and so a bridge of boats was constructed across the Menai Straits that separate Anglesey from Wales. The Welsh were waiting for the English in force and the English plan failed. Many of the English knights drowned when the boat bridge was destroyed. ^[8]

Whilst fighting in the south of Wales Llywelyn was killed. He had moved to the rear of his army feeling secure with the way the war was progressing. A detachment of English found a way across the river Wye which Llywelyn was using for protection and moved around the rear of the Welsh army where the Prince was. Before Llywelyn could rejoin his army he was cut down and killed. His head was cut off and taken to the King Edward. Llywelyn's brother David carried on the fight against the English for another six months.

After capturing Dolwyddelan, Edward moved up the river Conwy to its mouth and a new castle was ordered. The castle's design and size were chosen to prove the royal power of the English King. Construction work lasted until 1297.

Edward and his master castle builder started the reconstruction of a new castle at Caernarfon.

In Welsh, the Croes Naid, was believed to be a fragment of the true cross on which Christ was crucified. After the defeat of the Welsh by Edward I, the English King took possession of the relic.

The original abbey's location was not suitable for the construction of a new castle at Conwy by King Edward I, so it was moved with the help of the English king to Maenan further up the river Conwy,

After the death of Lleweyln Edward was free to occupy all the previous strongholds of the Welsh Princes. In 1283 Edward attacked and captured the Welsh castle at Dolyyddlan.

Edward moved around the Welsh coast to attack and capture the Welsh castle at Criccieth. He then moved on and ordered another castle to be built at Harlech. In the summer of 1283 King Edward provided money to improved the defences at Criccieth Castle. ^[12]

David the brother of Llywelyn was handed over to the king by his own supporters who had already surrendered. He was taken to Shrewsbury Castle where a Parliament met and sentenced him to death by execution. ^[5]

In the autumn of 1283, Edward I had held a Parliament at Acton Burnell, presumably in the adjacent great barn, the only building large enough. It is significant in that it was the first time in English history that the law-making process included the Commons. The law passed became known as the Statute of Acton Burnell, a law giving protection to creditors, indicating the increasing significance of traders during those times. ^[13]

Dafydd was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. His punishment for betraying the King was to be drawn, hanged and quartered.

King Edward I ordered reconstruction work at Aberystwyth Castle after it had been burnt and damaged in an earlier Welsh attack. ^[9]

After the second Welsh rebellion Edward decided to bring Wales under direct rule. The Statute of Rhuddlan brought English laws to Wales. Edward appointed sheriffs and bailiffs for the northern territories while the southern areas were left under the control of the Marcher Lords.

Edward, the future king of England was born at Caernarfon Castle on the 25th April, 1284. His father was King Edward I and his mother was Eleanor of Castile. The castle was probably still under construction as work on it had only begun the year before.

King Edward I arranged a 'Round Table' event and tournament at Nefyn in Wales. He promised the Welsh that he would provide them with a Prince of Wales. This he did as in 1284. Edward, the future King Edward II of England, was born. The young prince would be invested as the Prince of Wales in February 1301.

At the time of his death, Alfonso was heir to the English throne as he was the eldest surviving son of King Edward I and Eleanor of Castile, but at the age of just ten at Windsor Castle he died. This left his four month-old younger brother, Edward, as heir.

Several Welsh holy relics were paraded through London in a procession from the Tower of London to Westminster.

King Edward I travelled around his duchy of Gascony between 1286 and 1289 rebuilding fortifications and generally bringing order to the region. ^[3]

King Edward I and his wife Eleanor of Castile travelled to France and were away from England for three years. They went to pay homage to King Philippe IV of France and to attend to other matters.

In the summer of 1287, Rhys ap Maredudd, the Lord of Dryslwyn rebelled against King Edward I. Although Rhys ap Maredudd had assisted the English King in the past, he accused Edward of treating him unfairly over taxes. The rebels burned several towns including Swansea and Carmarthen.

The King replied to the Welsh rebelion by raising an army at Gloucester to be commanded by the Earl of Cornwall. The army besiged Dryslwyn Castle and the siege lasted three weeks before the castle fell after the curtain walls were undermined. Rhys ap Maredudd managed to escape before the castle was captured.

After Dryslwyn Castle fell to the English, Rhys ap Maredudd fled to Newcastle Emlyn Castle. The English took their siege engines to the castle and a siege began. The warfare continued over the winter period.

Newcastle Emlyn Castle fell to the English after a ten day siege and Rhys ap Maredudd's rebellion was over. Rhys may have been exiled to Ireland.

Returning to England after several years away, King Edward found the country suffering from violence and corruption. He had many of the Judges arrested accusing them of accepting bribes. All but two of the accused Judges were found guilty and dismissed from their positions. They also faced large fines.

Edward and Eleanor return to England after a three year visit to their foreign domains.

A statute passed by King Edward I putting an end to the practice of sub-infeudations. Sub-infeudation was the practice of tenants who had rented land from a lord sub-letting the land to other people. The problem with this was that it was difficult for the lord to raise taxes because he did not have control over all the people who were renting his land. The Statute allowed land to be sold according to royal approval as long as the new owner answered directly to the lord or the king.

King Edward I took the Isle of Man under his protection.

The Treaty of Brigham saw agreement for the marriage of Margaret the Maid of Norway to the first Prince of Wales Edward. Margaret was the granddaughter of Alexander III the king of Scotland and was the successor to the Scottish crown. The death of Margaret on the voyage led to disputed succession in Scotland. ^[14]

The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by King King Edward I forcing all the Jews in England to leave the country. Edward wanted to raise taxes so that he could pay for his Crusade but raising taxes was not popular. To get the approval for his tax from the nobles and knights he promised them that he would get rid of the Jews from England. The Jews were ordered to be gone by the end of October or face death.

Eleanor of Castile, the wife of King Edward I died while travelling in the North with the King. Eleanor had been suffering with illness for some time and the cold and damp of the Winter months probably aggravated her condition. ^[5]

As Edward travelled with the body of his wife Eleanor from Harby near Lincoln where the Queen died to Westminster a series of crosses were later erected at each location that the body rested over night. These are known as the 'Eleanor Crosses' ^[5]

King Edward I granted Lawrence of Ludlow a licence to fortify his manor house at Stokesay.

One of many claimants to the Scottish throne was Floris, Count of Holland. He claimed the throne through Ada of Huntingdon, his great-grandmother and sister of William the Lion, King of Scotland. His claim was not taken seriously.

Robert de Pinkeney claimed the Scottish throne through his great-grandmother Marjorie of Huntingdon, the sister of William the Lion, King of Scotland.

William de Ros was one of the many claimants to the Scottish throne. His claim was based on his great-grandfather's marriage to Isabella, the daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland.

Patrick, Earl of March claimed the Scottish throne through his great-grandmother, Ada, the illegitimate daughter of King William the Lion of Scotland.

William de Vesci's claim to the Scottish throne was through his grandmother Marjory, the daughter of William the Lion.

Patrick Galythly was the son of Henry Galythly, the son of William king of Scots. The claim was dismissed because his father was an illegitimate child.

There were more unsuccessful claimants to the Scottish throne including William de Vesci through his grandmother Marjory, the daughter of William the Lion; Patrick Galythly, the son of Henry Galythly, the son of William king of Scots. The claim was dismissed because his father was an illegitimate child; Nicolas de Soulis, who claimed to be the grandson of Marjory, daughter of Allexander II; Roger de Mandeville, through an illegitimate daughter of William the Lion called Aufrica who married William de Say in Ulster; John Comyn Lord of Badenoch, who claimed to be a descendant of Donand Bane; and even Eric King of Norway, the father of Margaret put in a claim to the Scottish throne as hier to his daughter but with little hope of success.

King Edward I met the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham. There were three main claimants to the throne all of whom were descended from David Earl of Huntingdon, the brother of William the Lion who died in 1214. There were many claimants but the three main contenders were John Balliol, Robert Bruce and John Hastings. The decision was delayed until the following year to allow all the facts to be taken into account.  ^[14]

A small scale war breaks out between English and Norman sailors after a Norman sailor is killed in a brawl with an English Sailor. The Normans demand the English sailor is handed over but he is not and in following battles many sailors were killed on both sides. Things escalate and Philippe of France demands Edward pay homage to him as Edward is Duke of Aquitaine, a vassal of the French King. Edward refuses and sends his brother Edmund instead. Edmund agrees with Philippe to surrender Gascony to the French.

The Isle of Man was surrendered to John Balliol by the order by King Edward I.

At Berwick King Edward I declared John Balliol to be the new Scottish King. ^[14]

King Edward I stayed two nights at Cambridge Castle. ^[15]

Edward Balliol arrived in London and asked for men and money for Edward's French war. ^[14]

King Edward I concluded a marriage agreement between his son Edward (II) and Philippa, the daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders. Aware of possible dangers of this alliance, Philippe, king of France invited Guy and his wife to Paris where he kidnapped and imprisoned them. Because of the general outrage at this action, Philippe was forced to free Guy and his wife, but to prevent the marriage, Philippa was brought to Paris where she was held as a hostage. She was twelve years old at the time.

As part of peace negotiations between England and France it was proposed that King Edward I would marry Blanche of France, the half-sister of Philippe IV, and Philippe would take back Gascony. This was agreed but the French King changed the agreement by replacing Blanche with her younger sister Margaret. This action saw the peace negotiations fail and England and France were again at war with each other.

Edward needed an army to fight in France and ordered the Welsh to provide men to meet at Shrewsbury. Unwilling to fight abroad, the Welsh took the opportunity to rise up against an English army reduced in numbers due to the problems in France. Edward once again had to fight the Welsh. One of the leaders of this revolt was Madog ap Llywelyn.

Bad weatther and unusually high tides prevented Edward advancing against the rebels and after spending Christmas at Conwy Castle Edward's attempts to defeat the Welsh were further hampered by losses of supplies to the Welsh. The king held his position at Conwy Castle waiting for improved weather and to receive supplies by sea.

The construction of Beaumaris Castle on Anglesey is begun under the direction of master mason James of St. George.

Supplies reached Edward at Conwy castle and he was able to march against the Welsh. By April had occupied Anglesey.

King Edward I called together a parliament consisting of a cross-section of society; the heads of the church, the Barons and members of the burghs. The parliament agreed that a tax could be raised to allow the king to launch attacks on the Scots and the French.

The castle on Loch Ness fell to the English. Sir William Fitz Warine was left in charge of the castle as its Constable. ^[16]

To help pay for a war with England, the French king Philippe IV, imposed a tax on the wealthy church clergy. In response Pope Boniface issued Bull Clericus Laicos, banning any taxation of the clergy in France and England. In return the French king banned any money leaving France destined for Rome without his permission. In England King Edward called for a law to be passed that removed royal protection from any clergy that refused to pay. This meant anyone could rob the Church and would not be held to account.

King Edward ordered his army to attack the badly fortified town of Berwick. Many Scots were killed in the two days of the attack and possibly somewhere between 7000 and 17000 men, women and children were slaughtered.

In March of 1296 King Edward I had attacked and sacked Berwick. Balliol renounced homage to England. ^[14]

John Balliol was defeated at the battle of Dunbar by King Edward I.

Philippe the King of France took the opportunity of Edward's troubles in England to threaten the lands that Edward held in France.

The English had taken many castles and in July 1296 Balliol surrendered to King Edward I and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Edward advanced to Elgin and on his return to England took the Stone of Scone. ^[14]

King Edward I created a government for Scotland consisting of John de Warnne, Earl of Surrey as Governor; Hugh de Cressingham as Treasurer; Walter of Agmondesham as Chancellor; William Ormesby as Justicar. This English government was very unpopular and soon the Scots where up in revolt. ^[14]

The castle at Orford was ordered to be made ready for defence by King Edward I. ^[17]

In response to the fear that the King of France would try to take back some of the lands Edward held in France, King Edward I arranged a marriage between his son Edward and Philippa, the daughter of the Count of Flanders, an enemy of the King of France.

Opposed to his plans to invade Flanders and Guienne, the Barons including the Earl of Hereford and the Earl of Norfolk deserted King Edward I. 1500 knights also decided to oppose the plans. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appeared before a large crowd at Westminster Hall and received total loyalty.

Outside Westminster Hall, King Edward I made an appeal for support for the war in France. He apologised for high tax demands he had previously levied. He also asked the Barons to swear allegiance to Edward of Caernarfon, the future Edward II, King of England. He received the support he needed. ^[18]

In Scotland, a group of nobles form a confederacy (organised by Bishop Wishart of Glasgow), but were defeated at Irvine. An agreement of submission to King Edward I was signed by the future king of the Scots Robert I and other Scottish leaders. ^[19]

Before Edward left for his campaign against the French, he was given a list of grievances by the Earls of Hereford and Norfolk. Two charters were the result, the Charter of the Forest and the Magna. The charters were a big defeat for Edward and meant he could no longer levy taxes as he wished without the approval of the Church, Barons, Earls and other free men. Edward sealed the charters whilst at Ghent in November of the same year. ^[18]

Leaving an unhappy England behind him, Edward left for France to fight King Philippe. ^[18]

A truce proposed by Philippe of France was accepted by King Edward I. It was signed at Vyve-Saint-Bavon, the location of which is not exactly known. It ended the fighting between the English and French in Gascony. The exact date could have been the 9th of October. ^[20]

King Edward I held a Parliament at York to discuss the situation in Scotland. It wasn't long before an English army was prepared to go into Scotland. ^[8]

Edward's army defeated William Wallace. The battle is dominated by the English and Welsh longbows.

King Edward I was supposed to appear before Parliament at Westminster where the Barons wanted him to abide by rules preventing him levying taxes not agreed upon by the Barons. Edward failed to attend but the Barons tracked him down and forced him to comply.

King Edward released John Balliol from the Tower of London and placed him into the custody of Pope Boniface to be held in papal residence. This arrangement ended a few years later and Balliol retired to his family's ancestral home in Picardy.

King Edward I married Margaret, the sister of King Philippe of France, and his son, Prince Edward, married Philippe's daughter Isabella.

After staying briefly at the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, King Edward I travelled north to Carlisle. His son, Edward (II) of Caernarfon remained at the Abbey for a week longer, living as a monk, before following his father. The king ensured his standard had been blessed by every holy relic that the Abbey possessed. ^[18]

After a short siege lasting only 5 days Caerlaverock Castle fell, the Scots giving King Edward I little resistance. Prince Edward of Caernarfon took control of the rearguard of the English army and apart from a small skirmish, saw no action. ^[18]

Pope Boniface sent a letter to King Edward I demanding that he should withdraw from Scotland. Edward ignored the letter, but because the campaign was not a success, the English soon left for England anyway. ^[18]

Edward arranged a truce and returned to England. ^[18]

Prince Edward was invested by his father King Edward I as 'Prince of Wales' and was granted royal lands in Wales.

The peace treaty between England and France was finally signed.

King Edward I found the land laid waste as he advanced into Scotland. At Linlithgow he halted and built a castle where he spent Christmas.

King Edward I and the Scots signed a peace treaty. John Segrave was left in charge in Scotland with a force of 20,000 men.

William Wallace had returned to Scotland from France where he had been in exile and so Edward took an army into Scotland. ^[16]

As part of Edward's campaign in Scotland he attacked and took control of Urquhart Castle on Loch Ness. Sir Alexander Comyn was left in change. ^[16]

After his defeat at Courtrai Philippe IV called on King Edward I for a peace treaty. Part to this involved Edward regained some French land and Philippe's daughter, Isabella, marrying Edward's son, the future Edward II, king of England.

King Edward I had reached Perth by June and stayed there until July. In August Edward had besieged Brechin. ^[21]

Edward spent the winter months at Dunfermline Abbey where he planned the attack on Stirling Castle. ^[16]

Edward began a siege of Stirling Castle. ^[16]

The Scots surrendered Stirling Castle to Edward. The constructions of a huge trebuchet was ordered by the English king to bombard the castle into submission. The siege engine was called Warwolf. ^[16]

At the 'Feast of the Swans' held at Westminster Abbey, Edward I knighted his son, the future king Edward II, and took an oath to avenge the murder of John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch by Robert Bruce. No mercy to be shown to any Scots captured in battle.

Robert Bruce, the new King of Scotland, was camped on high ground by the River Almond near Methven, west of Perth. An English army led by the Earl of Pembroke attacked the Scots in an early morning raid. Unprepared for the assault, the Scots were defeated but Bruce was able to make his escape.

King Edward I died at Burgh-upon-the-Sands on the Solway with Scotland in view across the Firth. Right up until his death Edward's priority was the realms that he ruled. After his death Edward's body was embalmed and transported to Waltham Abbey in Essex. Here it lay unburied for several weeks presumably so that people could come and see the body lying in state. After this the body was taken to Westminster Abbey for a proper burial. ^[21]

Edward the eldest son of King Edward I became King of England.

After lying in state for several weeks at Waltham Abbey King Edward's body was moved to Westminster Abbey for burial.