Medieval Castles
Types of castles
- Early Fortifications
- Castles of William the Conqueror
- Keep and bailey castles
- Motte and bailey castles
- Square keeps
- Shell-Keeps
- Polygonal Keeps
- Concentric Castles
Other details
Earthwork Castles
arly Saxon and Norman earthwork
castles can be divided into two main types, ringwork castles and motte and
bailey castles. The main
difference between the two types is the existance of the motte (or mound) on which the
keep is located.
Ringwork Castles
The key characteristic parts of late Saxon and early Norman castles were: -
- Outer ditches and banks
- Wooden palisades
- Roughly circular enclosure (bailey)
- Central stronghold (keep) for added defence
The primary defences of a ringwork type of castle were the ditch, bank and palisade. One ditch or a series of ditches were dug around the edge of the bailey (the open area within the castle's structure) and the earth taken out was piled up inside to form banks. Where possible the ditches were allowed to fill with water from a nearby river or stream to provide extra defence.
On top of the banks a palisade of wooden planks or logs were constructed to add extra height. A wall-walk was usually built behind the palisade to allow the defenders to see over the top and fire missiles down on attackers below who were attempting the climb up. The palisade continued all the way around the edge of the bailey and its only real threat was from fire. This threat eventually lead to the introduction of stone for building material.
The area within the palisade is called a bailey and are mostly circular or kidney-shaped. If attackers did manage to cross the ditch and get over the palisade, the people inside the castle needed a last line of defence. The keep was designed as this last line of defence. Made usually of wood, the keep needed to be large enough to hold the baron's family and household. Space could also be required to hold soldiers and local villagers at times of attack.
Simplified Layout
Types of Keep
- The Gatehouse Keep
- The Hall Keep
- The Tower Keep
In some early castles the strongest part of the construction could have been its gatehouse in which case this building would have been the keep
A keep could have been made in the shape of a tower with a couple of floors or could just have been a wooden hall. Most of the early keeps were constructed from wood and were always under threat from fire. A keep built from stone was more secure but was expensive to build and only the richest barons could afford a stone keep.
Hall keeps were very common and most Norman barons and Saxon thegns depended on the protection they gave. These hall keeps needed to be large enough to house not only the baron's family, but his supporters and their animals. Inside, the hall keeps looked like large barns with huge posts supporting the roof.
A large fire was situated at the centre of the hall away from any wood that could catch alight. The smoke would rise into the rafters and exit through a small hole in the roof above or through a gap at the end of the hall.
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Types of castles