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Biography
Biography
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Neville, Richard (Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker')

 BornNovember 1428   Born At
 Died14 April 1471  Buried At
 FatherNeville, Richard (Earl of Salisbury)  MotherMontacute, Alice (Daughter of Earl of Salisbury)
 Titles include Earl of Warwick  
 BornNovember 1428 / 
 Died14 April 1471 / 
ichard was a member of the powerful Neville family which had survived since the time of King John when Robert Fitz-Maldred ,lord of Raby, married Isabella de Neville. Their son took the name Neville and successive generations always passed down through a male heir mainly from father to son. Several Nevilles married the heiresses of baronial houses whose land and titles were transferred across.

Titles

Richard Neville's grandfather Ralph Neville had married the daughter of John of Gaunt (the son of Edward III) and Richard's father had gained the title Earl of Salisbury when he married Alice the previous Earl of Salisbury's daughter. Richard himself married Anne Beauchamp the heiress to the Warwick earldom. The last male Beauchamp died without an heir and so Richard took the title of Earl of Warwick which gave him control of large amounts of land in the Midlands and South Wales.

Wars of the Roses

Warwick became a supporter of Richard, Duke of York (White rose) in the conflict with the Henry VI and the Lancastrians (red rose) over claims for the English throne. After several battles against the Lancastrians Warwick and the Yorkists captured the King at the Battle of Northampton in July of 1460. After several more battles Richard of York's son Edward was declared king of England and was crowned in June of 1461 as Edward IV.

Changing Sides

Warwick's support for the new king ended when Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1468. In 1469 Warwick was behind a rebellion against the King. Warwick managed to capture the King after the battle of Edgecote in July of 1469 but the Earl did not have the support of Parliament and the country so he had to release the King from prison. In 1470 Warwick fled to France and there met Margaret of Anjou, the exiled wife of Henry VI. Although Warwick and Margaret had previously been enemies they put aside their differences and plotted together to remove Edward IV from the English throne. With assistance from the French King Louis XI Margaret and Warwick attempted to restore Henry VI to the throne. In September of 1470 Warwick and Margaret landed in England and in October Henry VI had been released from the Tower of London and restored to the throne. The victory did not last long as the Yorkists fought back taking London and then defeating the Lancastrians at the Battle of Barnet where Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick was killed. Due to his attempts to control who should be the King of England Richard has become known as the 'Kingmaker'.

Related Episodes

Wars of the Roses (click here)

Wars of the Roses (click here)

Event Location Map (click image to explore)

Family (7) Parents

Spouses

Fantasy image of Anne (Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick)
Anne (Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick)

Children

Fantasy image of Neville, Isabel (Duchess of Clarence)
Neville, Isabel (Duchess of Clarence)
Fantasy image of Neville, Anne (Duchess of Gloucester, Queen of England)
Neville, Anne (Duchess of Gloucester, Queen of England)

Siblings

Show All
Show All
Fantasy image of Neville, John (Earl of Northumberland, Lord Montague)
Neville, John (Earl of Northumberland, Lord Montague)
Fantasy image of Neville, George (Archbishop of York)
Neville, George (Archbishop of York)
Fantasy image of Neville, Cecily (Duchess of Warwick)
Neville, Cecily (Duchess of Warwick)
Fantasy image of Neville, Katherine
Neville, Katherine

Parents

Fantasy image of Neville, Richard (Earl of Salisbury)
Neville, Richard (Earl of Salisbury)
Fantasy image of Montacute, Alice (Daughter of Earl of Salisbury)
Montacute, Alice (Daughter of Earl of Salisbury)
tab 2
tab 3

 

Family Tree Details

Father:Neville, Richard (Earl of Salisbury) ( - d.1460)
Mother:Montacute, Alice (Daughter of Earl of Salisbury)
Show Graphical Tree
 Neville, Richard (Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker') (b.1428 - d.1471)
    +Anne (Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick)
        = Neville, Isabel (Duchess of Clarence) (b.1451 - d.1476)
        |   +George (Duke of Clarence) (b.1449 - d.1478)
        |       = Plantagenet, Edward (Earl of Warwick) (b.1475 - d.1499)
        |       = Margaret (Countess of Salisbury) ( - d.1541)
        = Neville, Anne (Duchess of Gloucester, Queen of England) (b.1456 - d.1485)
            +Edward (of Lancaster, Prince of Wales) (b.1453 - d.1471)
            +Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485)
                = Edward (of Middleham, Prince of Wales) (b.1473 - d.1484)
 Neville, Richard (Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker') (b.1428 - d.1471)
    +Anne (Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick)
        = Neville, Isabel (Duchess of Clarence) (b.1451 - d.1476)
        |   +George (Duke of Clarence) (b.1449 - d.1478)
        |       = Plantagenet, Edward (Earl of Warwick) (b.1475 - d.1499)
        |       = Margaret (Countess of Salisbury) ( - d.1541)
        = Neville, Anne (Duchess of Gloucester, Queen of England) (b.1456 - d.1485)
            +Edward (of Lancaster, Prince of Wales) (b.1453 - d.1471)
            +Richard (III, King of England 1483-1485) (b.1452 - d.1485)
                = Edward (of Middleham, Prince of Wales) (b.1473 - d.1484)

See Also

    People

    • Edward (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483)
    • Neville, George (Archbishop of York)
    • Robin (of Redesdale)
    • Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471)
    • Woodville, Elizabeth
    • William (Lord Hastings)
    • Edward (of Lancaster, Prince of Wales)
    • Beauchamp, Henry (1st Duke of Warwick)
    • Beauchamp, Anne (Countess of Warwick)
    • Woodville, Richard (1st Earl Rivers)
    • Neville, Katherine
    • Anne (Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick)
    • Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset)
    • A .. Z List of Medieval People

    Places

    • Raglan Castle
    • Middleham Castle
    • Warwick Castle
    • Bamburgh Castle
    • Beaulieu Abbey
    • A .. Z List of Medieval Buildings

    Timeline

    1428
    Nov 22
    Birth of Richard Neville, the Kingmaker

    Birth of Richard Neville, the Kingmaker. Richard was the son of Richard Neville, 5th earl of Salisbury and Anne, the daughter of Thomas Montacute, 4th earl of Salisbury.

    1449    (Age: 21yrs)
    ...
    Richard Neville becomes Earl of Warwick

    Richard Neville married Anne Beauchamp who was the heiress to the Warwick Earldom. The last male Beauchamp had died without an heir and so Richard took the title of earl of Warwick. This gave him control of large amounts of land in the Midlands and South Wales.

    1455    (Age: 27yrs)
    May 21
    The Yorkists are summoned

    A council was called and the Edward and Warwick were summoned to attend. Concerned that the reason they have been called to attend was that they would be punished, the Yorkists decided to demand a meeting of their own with the King at St. Albans.

    May 22
    First Battle of St. Albans

    King Henry VI had by his side at St. Albans the Dukes of Somerset and Buckingham, Lords Pembroke, Northumberland and Devon and around 2,000 Lancastrian men. They tried to hold the town against the Yorkists led by Salisbury and Warwick but Warwick was able to enter the town through an unguarded spot and attack the flanks of the Lancastrian barricades. Although this battle was small it left the Duke of Somerset dead along with Lord Northumberland and Clifford. As a result of this victory power again swung to the Yorkists although support from the Barons was not total. Richard, Duke of York, again became Protector of the Realm and the powerful position of Captain of Calais was given to the Earl of Warwick.

    1458    (Age: 30yrs)
    (to 1459)
    Warwick fights several naval battles

    England's naval power was weak and the waters between France and England were filled with pirates. Sandwich had been attacked by the French the year before. To put an end to this problem, the Earl of Warwick, the Captain of Calais, commanded a fleet of ships to patrol the English Channel. His fleet attacked and captured Spanish and Genoese ships talking prisoners and treasure. This made the Earl popular with the sailors under his command and the traders who the pirates had previously attacked.

    1459    (Age: 31yrs)
    Sep
    Warwick returns to England

    The Earl of Warwick arrived in England from Calais. He was welcomed in London before setting off north to meet up with the Duke of York.

    Oct 12
    Battle of Ludford Bridge

    The Earl of Warwick with a force from Calais reached Ludlow and the combined army of the Yorkists attacked the King's army at Ludford Bridge near Ludlow. The men from Calais refused to fight their king and a weak Yorkist army was defeated. Richard Duke of York and his younger son escaped and fled to Ireland while Salisbury, Warwick and Edward of March (later Edward IV) fled to Calais.

    1460    (Age: 32yrs)
    Jan 15
    Yorkists capture Lancastrian fleet

    The Lancastrians were building a large fleet of ships at Sandwich on the south coast and with it they planned to attack Calais. The Earl of Warwick became aware of this and arranged a raid led by John Dinham to steal the ships. Early in the morning of the fifteenth of January the Yorkists supporters attacked the dockyard and stole those ships that were seaworthy. Richard Woodville (Earl Rivers), his wife Jacquetta and their son Anthony were captured.

    Mar
    Warwick sails to Ireland

    With the Yorkists in control of the seas around the south coast of England, the Earl of Warwick was able to leave Calais and sail to Ireland where the Duke of York had taken refuge. There they planned their invasion of England and the defeat of the Lancastrians.

    May
    Warwick returns to Calais

    With plans of invasion made the Earl of Warwick sailed back to Calais to organise his army.

    Jun
    Yorkists take control of Kent

    Yorkists from Calais landed on the south coast of England and quickly seized Sandwich. They prepared for the arrival of the Earl of Warwick and the Earl of March.

    Jun 26
    Earls of March and Warwick land in England

    Once the Yorkist army had secured Sandwich the Earls of March and Warwick arrived from Calais. They had a force of around 2,000 and the support of the Kentish men.

    Jul 5
    The Earls of Warwick and March leave London

    Accompanied by a large army of Yorkist supporters, the Earl of Warwick and Edward, the Earl of March left London and marched towards Northampton where the King was staying.

    Jul 10
    Battle of Northampton

    The Lancastrians's Court was in Coventry at the time of the Yorkist rebels entering London. When news reached them, the Lancastrians moved south to Northampton to meet the rebels. The Yorkists led by the Earl of Warwick wanted to talk but the Lancastrians led by the Duke of Buckingham wanted to fight. Although the Lancastrians had less men than the Yorkists, they did have control of a stronger position. The Yorkists managed to defeat the Lancastrians due to a section of the Lancastrian army led by Lord Grey of Ruthin moving away allowing the Yorkists through. Orders were given that the King and ordinary men should be spared, while the knights and lords should be killed. When the fighting was over the casualties were light, but the Lancastrian leaders, Buckingham, Shrewsbury and Egremont were dead and the King was captured.

    1461    (Age: 33yrs)
    Feb 17
    Second Battle of St. Albans

    The Lancastrians army led by the Queen met the Yorkist army led by Warwick at St. Albans. The Yorkist army was split in two and during the battle sections of the Yorkists defected to the Queen's side. The Yorkists were defeated and Warwick escaped. The King, who had been travelling with the Yorkists, was freed and he was reunited with his wife and son.

    Feb 27
    Yorkists enter London

    Edward and Warwick were allowed to enter the city of London. The citizens of London had refused to let the Queen enter and so she returned north with the King.

    Mar 29
    Battle of Towton

    The Battle of Towton was the bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses and was fought in a snowstorm at Towton in Yorkshire. Both the Lancastrian and Yorkist armies were large having possibly 40,000 men each. The battle lasted many hours until the Lancastrians's line was broken. Fleeing into a river many of the Lancastrians were drowned due to their heavy armour and the rest were killed by the pursuing Yorkists.

    1462    (Age: 34yrs)
    Dec
    Yorkists take back control of Northumbrian castles

    The Earl of Warwick was put in charge of capturing the castles from the Lancastrian garrisons. Edward had to stay at Durham to recover from a bout of the measles. The castles were not attacked but cut off from supplies to starve the soldiers out. Just before the new year the Lancastrian soldiers surrendered and the Yorkists took control of Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh Castles. Warwick used the castle at Warkworth as his base while he monitored the seiges at the other castles. The seige of Alnwick Castle continued into January.

    1463    (Age: 35yrs)
    Mar
    Northumbrian castles fall to Lancastrians

    Sir Ralph Percy, the constable in charge of Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh castles, defected and allowed the Lancastrians to take control. Alnwick Castle fell to the Lancastrians shortly afterwards.

    Jul
    Queen Margaret returns to France

    Warwick took an army north to deal with the new threat from Queen Margaret. The Lancastrians had laid seige to Norham Castle on the Scottish border. Under the control of the Earl of Warwick, the Yorkists again proved too powerful for the Lancastrians and with her invasion plans in ruin Margaret decided to return to France. She took Prince Edward with her.

    Jul
    Siege of Norham Castle

    Queen Margaret and King Henry VI with Scottish support besieged the castle at Norham. King Edward failed to react to the problem and it was left to the Earls of Warwick and Northumberland to come to the castle's rescue. King Henry, Margaret and the Scots fled.

    1464    (Age: 36yrs)
    May
    Edward secretly marries

    King Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville (Wydville) secretly during a hunting trip. The hunting trip that may have been arranged as a cover. Edward is supposed to have had a reputation as a lady's man and had many lovers. To Edward, Elizabeth could have been just another lover, but Elizabeth may have wanted more and persuaded Edward to marry her. The marriage took place in secret and was kept quiet until the spring of 1465. One problem with the marriage was that Elizabeth was the widow of Henry V's brother John, a Lancastrian and her family were Lancastrian supporters. The other problem was that Warwick had contacted the French king Louis XI and had been trying to arrange a marriage for Edward to a French princess. Edward's act upset Warwick's plans.

    May
    Battle of Hexham

    The Nevilles defeated the last of the Lancastrian forces near Hexham and executed the rebels including Henry Beaufort the Duke of Somerset. In recognition of their contribution to the security of his reign Edward IV gave John Neville, Lord Montague, the title of Earl of Northumberland and George Neville became the Archbishop of York.

    Jun 23
    Alnwick Castle Surrenders to Warwick

    After the Lancastrians were defeated at the Battle of Hexham their power in Northumberland was at an end. The Earl of Warwick accepted the surrender of Alnwick Castle on June the 23rd. Dunstanburgh Castle surrendered shortly afterwards. The seige at Bamburgh Castle was brought to an end with the use of cannons, the first castle to fall in such a way.

    1468    (Age: 40yrs)
    Summer
    Margaret marries Duke of Burgundy

    Edward arranged for his sister Margaret to marry Charles the Duke of Burgundy. Burgundy had for some time been a supporter of the Yorkists and this marriage strengthened the bond. For Warwick, this was a disaster. Warwick had been attempting to make an alliance with France and that was not about to happen.

    Qtr 4
    Warwick plots against the King

    Warwick was unhappy with the marriage of Edward and Elizabeth Woodville and he began to plan how overthrow the king. Warwick's plans centred around Edward's brother George, the Duke of Clarence. If George was to marry Warwick's daughter Isabel and become king, Warwick would be back in a position of power.

    1469    (Age: 41yrs)
    Qtr 1
    Rebellion of Robin of Redesdale

    A rebellion began early in the year started by a mysterious person calling himself Robin of Redesdale. The motivation for the uprising against the king was his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and the influence the Woodvilles were having. The rebels were supported by the Earl of Warwick.

    Jul
    Clarence marries Isabel Neville

    Warwick and the Duke of Clarence travelled to France where Clarence was married to Warwick's fifteen year old daughter Isabel. The ceremony was conducted by Warwick's brother George Neville the Archbishop of York.

    Jul 18
    Warwick returns from France

    Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick returned from France to England with an army, passing through Canterbury and London. His plan was to take the army north and join up with the Rebels led by Robin of Redesdale.

    Jul 26
    Battle of Edgecote

    Edward's army was insufficient to deal with the rebels alone and he had moved them to Nottingham to wait for a larger army to join them led by Sir William Herbert, the Earl of Pembroke. Pembroke's army was attacked and defeated by a combined rebel army led by Robin of Redesdale and the Earl of Warwick who had returned from France. The battle took place at Edgecote near Banbury. Sir William Herbert and his brother Richard were captured and executed.

    Jul 29
    Edward is captured

    After the defeat of William Herbert at Edgecote, Edward was left without a strong enough army to deal with the Earl of Warwick. Either Edward's army deserted him, or he dispersed his army on purpose, the outcome was the same. Edward was captured.

    Aug
    Woodville family members executed

    While Edward was imprisoned, Warwick captured the Queen's father (Earl Rivers) and one of her brothers and had them executed at Warwick Castle.

    Sep
    Riots and rebellions

    With the king in custody there began a series of riots around the country protesting against the Earl of Warwick. Warwick did not have the backing of Parliament and in the end had little choice but to let Edward go free and return to rule the country.

    1470    (Age: 42yrs)
    Mar 12
    Lincolnshire rebellion

    A rebellion had begun in Lincolnshire early in the year and had been mostly been dealt with by Edward, but Sir Robert (Welles ?) had escaped capture and was still on the run. Edward finally caught up with Sir Robert near Stamford in Lincolnshire. In the battle known as Empingham (or Lose-Coat), Sir Robert was captured and confessed that the rebellion had been master-minded by the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence.

    May
    Warwick and Clarence escape to France

    After their treachery had been uncovered, the Earl of Warwick and Duke of Clarence fled to France. Warwick's plan was to get help from the French King. They took a ship with their immediate relatives and followers from either Exeter or Dartmouth. Isabella, Warwick's daughter, gave birth on the ship to a son, but he died shortly afterwards.

    Jul 22
    Warwick and the Lancastrians

    Louis XI, the French King devised a plan to remove Edward IV from the English throne. Louis persuaded the Yorkist Earl of Warwick and Margaret of Anjou the exiled wife of Henry VI, a Lancastrian, to combine forces and attempt to over through Edward. Warwick and Margaret met on 22 July at Anger Cathedral to put their differences aside and to agree on a course of action.

    Jul 25
    Betrothal of Prince Edward and Anne Neville

    The betrothal of Prince Edward and Anne Neville formed part of the agreement between Queen Margaret and the Kingmaker to put King Henry VI back on the English throne. The act taking place at the Cathedral of Angers,

    Jul 31
    The plan to restore Henry VI

    The Earl of Warwick promised to restore Henry VI to the English throne, and he betrothed his youngest daughter Anne to Margaret's son Edward, the Prince of Wales.

    Sep 9
    Warwick sails from France

    With an army and over fifty ships provided by King Louis, the Earl of Warwick set sail from France to England.

    Sep 13
    Warwick lands in England

    The Earl of Warwick landed at Dartmouth in Devon accompanied by the Lancastrian Earl of Oxford and Jasper Tudor, the half-brother of Henry VI. Edward was in the north at the time of Warwick's return and was turned upon by John Neville, Warwick's brother. Although John Neville had accepted Edward as King, Edward had removed John's title of Earl of Northumberland earlier in the year and given it to the Percys. John Neville advanced on Edward's position with a force much larger.

    Oct 6
    Henry restored as King

    The Earl of Warwick and Clarence entered London. King Henry VI was released from the Tower of London. Henry was crowned King of England for the second time.

    Dec 13
    Marriage of Edward of Lancaster and Anne Neville

    The marriage between Edward of Lancaster, the son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, to Anne Neville, the daughter of Richard Neville the Kingmaker was a marriage to cement the agreement that Richard and Margaret would support each other and try to get Henry VI back on the English throne. The marriage took place in France at the Chateau d'Amboise where Margaret and Edward were exiled.

    1471    (Age: 43yrs)
    Apr 4
    Clarence rejoins his brothers

    George, Duke of Clarence deserted the Earl of Warwick and joined his brothers Edward and Richard. Importantly for the Yorkist cause, he brought with him a sizable army.

    Apr 11
    London opens its gates to Edward and the Yorkists

    The Earl of Warwick was in Coventry and apparently unwilling to confront Edward, so Edward and Richard marched south to London. London was under the control of Warwick's brother, George Neville the Archbishop of York, but the Londoners were Yorkists and they welcomed the return of their true king. Once inside the city Edward had the Archbishop arrested and along with King Henry VI put in the Tower of London.

    Apr 14
    The Battle of Barnet

    The Earl of Warwick had left Coventry to confront Edward. The armies met at Barnet just north of London in thick fog. The two battle lines overlapped and Warwick's Lancastrian men commanded by the Earl of Oxford were able to get around the Yorkists commanded by Lord Hastings. Hastings' men fled back to London with Oxford's men in hot pursuit. On the other side of the battle the Yorkists, led by Richard, were outflanking the Lancastrians and took the advantage pushing their enemy back. When Oxford's men returned to the battle they were mistakenly fired upon by their fellow Lancastrians and fled. By early evening Lord Montague and the Earl of Warwick were dead. The Lancastrians were defeated.

    3D Virtual Reconstructions

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    More medieval people

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    Selection of references used:

    • 1. C. W. Oman, Warwick
    • 2. Anthony Goodman, The Wars of the Roses, ISBN:0-88029-484-1
    • 3. John Gillingham, The Wars of the Roses, ISBN:ISBN-0-297-82016-8
    • 4. Paul Murray Kendall, Richard The Third, ISBN:ISBN-0-04-942048-8
    • 5. Anthony Cheetham, Life and times of Richard III, ISBN:0-297-83167-4
    • 6. Hubert Cole, The Wars of the Roses, 1973, ISBN:0-246-10618-2

      See Also

        People

        • Edward (IV, Earl of March and King of England 1461-1470, 1471-1483)
        • Neville, George (Archbishop of York)
        • Robin (of Redesdale)
        • Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471)
        • Woodville, Elizabeth
        • William (Lord Hastings)
        • Edward (of Lancaster, Prince of Wales)
        • Beauchamp, Henry (1st Duke of Warwick)
        • Beauchamp, Anne (Countess of Warwick)
        • Woodville, Richard (1st Earl Rivers)
        • Neville, Katherine
        • Anne (Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick)
        • Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset)
        • A .. Z List of Medieval People

        Places

        • Raglan Castle
        • Middleham Castle
        • Warwick Castle
        • Bamburgh Castle
        • Beaulieu Abbey
        • A .. Z List of Medieval Buildings
        3D/VR

        Virtual Buildings

        Transport yourself back up to a thousand years and explore historical buildings as they may have appeared in the past.

        Explore the White Tower

        Explore all four floors of the White Tower at the Tower of London using the Unity 3d game engine.

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