King Louis XII of France died at the age of 52 leaving Mary a widow. His nephew, Francis, became the next king of France.

The Treaty of London or Universal Peace was signed in London between the major European countries, England, France, Burgundy and many more. For Cardinal Wolsey this treaty was a plan to produce a peaceful Europe. The treaty stated that the countries must not attack one another and if they did the other countries would come to the aid of those being attacked. Within the treaty was the agreement that Mary, the 2 year-old daughter of King Henry VIII, would marry the French dauphin.

The Field of the Cloth of Gold was a meeting between King Henry VIII and King Francis I of France somewhere between Guines and Ardres near Calais. The meeting included a series of tournaments and jousts. The extravagant nature of the event giving the meeting its name.

The Treaty of Bruges was conducted in secrecy at Bruges between King Charles V, the Holy Roman Emporer, and Thomas Wolsey. In the terms of the treaty Wolsey promised Charles that King Henry VIII would join him in a joint campaign against France and Francis I. The meeting was held in secret because England was supposed to be a mediator in the dispute between Charles and Francis. The joint attacks of France would have to wait until March or May of 1523.

Francis of France was encamped several mile to the north of Pavia, in northern Italy when he was attacked by the Imperialists. Francis' troops were routed and Francis was captured.

Francis of France, while being held prisoner in Madrid, signed the Treaty agreeing to renounce claims to Milan and Naples and to give up suzerainty of Flanders and Artois. He also agreed to surrender the Duchy of Burgundy to Charles V of Spain. Possessions that had been seized from Charles de Bourbon were to be returned to him.

Francis is freed from captivity and returned to France. But he left two of his sons as hostages in the care of Charles V.

Thomas Wolsey was sent to France and the court of Francis I by King Henry to secure the release of Pope Clement VII, who was being held captive by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor since Rome had been sacked. The real, and secret reason for freeing the Pope was to get the annulment of the marriage of King Henry and Catherine of Aragon.

This truce was signed between Charles V of Spain and Francis I of France and ended the Italian war of 1536 to 1538 which was fourght over the control of northern Italy.  ¹

After sending an army of some 30,000 men to France, King Henry sailed to Calais from Dover and proceeded to besiege Boulogne. The siege lasted until the middle of September when the town surrendered. ¹

Francis I, the King of France, died at Rambouillet Castle. He was succeeded by his son Henry. ¹