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Bacon, Roger Baldwin (I, King of Jerusalem)
Baldwin (II, King of Jerusalem) Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162)
Ball, John Balliol, Edward (King of Scotland 1332)
Balliol, John (King of Scotland 1292-1296) Beauchamp, Margaret (of Bletsoe)
Beauchamp, Thomas (12th earl of Warwick) Beaufort, Edmund
Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset)
Beaufort, Henry (Bishop of Winchester) Beaufort, Henry (Duke of Somerset)
Beaufort, Lady Margaret Beaufort, Thomas (Duke of Exeter)
Becket, Thomas (St) Benedict (XII, Pope)
Berengaria (of Navarre, Queen of England) Bernard (of Clairvaux)
Bigod, Hugh Blanche (of Lancaster)
Bohemund (I, Prince of Antioch 1099-1111) Boleyn, Anne
Boniface (VIII, Pope) Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk)
Braose, William de Bruce, Edward
Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick) Bruce, Robert (the Bruce, I, King of the Scots 1306-1329)
Burgh, Hubert de


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       Bacon, Roger Born: 1214 Died: 1294 
friar who was skilled in alchemy, astronomy, mathematics, optics, etc. Need to determine who would have contact with, influenced etc. He apparently understood the concepts of gunpowder - was this put to use? He studied both at Oxford and Paris, receiving a degree from Paris. In 1266 writing to Pope Clement IV, proposing a scientific encyclopaedia. The Pope mistaking his request thinking Bacon had produced one and wanting to see it, forced Bacon to write the whole thing himself. In 1278 he was imprisoned for his writings.
       Baldwin (I, King of Jerusalem) Died: 1118 
aldwin of Boulogne was the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon. Together they took part in the First Crusade. Baldwin became the count of Edessa in 1098. Godfrey became the first King of Jerusalem after the city was captured in 1099. When Godfrey died on 18th July 1100 the post of ruler became vacant. The head of the Church in Jerusalem, Dagobert of Pisa, claimed that the Church itself should rule and as he was its representative he should have the job, but Baldwin disagreed. With a force of a thousand or so men Baldwin travelled to Jerusalem to claim the throne of Jerusalem for himself. The people of Jerusalem chose Baldwin as they recognised the need for a strong leader who could defend the city. Baldwin, unlike his brother, was happy to be called King of Jerusalem and to wear a crown.
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1100  Jul 18  Godfrey of Bouillon dies Jerusalem
   Godfrey of Bouillon died just a year after the crusaders had captured Jerusalem. Agreeing who should succeed Godfrey as ruler of Jerusalem was not easy. The head of the Church in Jerusalem, Dagobert of Pisa, claimed that the Church itself should rule and as he was its representative he should have the job. Godfrey's brother, Baldwin of Edessa, had other ideas and travelled to Jerusalem with an army to claim the throne.1 
  Dec 25  Baldwin I becomes king of Jerusalem Jerusalem
   Supported by an army of over a thousand men, Baldwin claimed the throne of Jerusalem. Baldwin of Edessa was Godfrey's brother and he claimed the throne as his heritage. Baldwin was crowned on Christmas Day at Bethlehem. 
1104    Port of Acre captured by the Crusaders Acre
   King Baldwin I captured the important port of Acre on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. The port was an important supply route for Jerusalem. 
1118    Baldwin II becomes King of Jerusalem
   Baldwin II became King of Jerusalem following in his cousin's footsteps.1 
       Baldwin (II, King of Jerusalem) Died: 1131 
ing of Jerusalem.
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1118    Baldwin II becomes King of Jerusalem
   Baldwin II became King of Jerusalem following in his cousin's footsteps.1 
  Apr 14  Baldwin II crowned
   Baldwin of le Bourg was crowned as King of Jerusalem in Jerusalem on Easter Sunday. 
1123  Apr  Baldwin II is captured Corfu
   Baldwin, the king of Jerusalem, was captured by Balak of Aleppo. To save the situation the Venetians were asked to help and so Doge Michiel lifted the siege of Corfu and took his fleet to Acre, arriving at the port in May.2 
1131    Fulk V becomes King of Jerusalem Jerusalem
   King Baldwin of Jerusalem died and Fulk V, who had married the King's daughter Melisende, became the King of Jerusalem.3 
       Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162) Born: circa 1131 Died: 10 Feb 1162 
aldwin was the son of Fulk V and Melisende. He became King of Jerusalem after his father died in 1143 and ruled alongside his mother as he was only 13 at the time. He ruled until 1162.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Fulk (V, of Anjou) ( - d.1143)
Mother:  Melisende (of Jerusalem) (b.1105 - d.1161) 
Baldwin (III, King of Jerusalem 1143-1162) (b.1131 - d.1162)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1143    Baldwin III becomes king of Jerusalem
   When his father Fulk died, Baldwin became king of Jerusalem. But at only 13 years of age Baldwin was too young to rule unaided. He was made co-ruler of the Crusader state along side his mother Melisende. 
1152    Baldwin III demands self rule
   Baldwin III was old enough to rule Jerusalem unaided and demanded that the control he shared with his mother was ended. This split the Crusader state and led to civil war. 
1162  Feb 10  Death of Baldwin III Jerusalem
   Baldwin, the king of Jerusalem died. He was succeeded by his brother Amalric.4 
       Ball, John Died: 1381 
ohn Ball was one of the leaders of the Peasant's Revolt of 1381. Ball was a priest who wandered from village to village preaching equality. He was arrested for his beliefs and was freed from prison by rebels led by Wat Tyler. Ball was hanged at the end of the revolt.
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1381  Jun 7  Peasant's Revolt reaches Maidstone Maidstone, Kent
   The Kentish section of the Revolt reached Maidstone where they were joined by Wat Tyler who became their leader. They released John Ball from the church prison.5 
       Balliol, Edward (King of Scotland 1332) Born: 1283 Died: 1364 
dward was the eldest son of John Balliol, the king of the Scots. With help from Edward III Edward Balliol claimed the Scottish throne after defeating David II at Dupplin Muir in 1332. Balliol was forced to relinquish the throne a few months later but was helped back into power in 1333 by Edward III.
 See Also
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1294    Edward Balliol asks for resources
   Edward Balliol arrived in London and asked for men and money for Edward's French war.6 
1329  Jun 7  David II becomes king of Scotland
   Robert I (the Bruce) of Scotland died and was followed by David (II). David was only 5 years old and so Edward Balliol claimed his right to the throne being the son of John who was king of Scotland from 1292 to 1296.7 
1332  Aug 12  Battle of Dupplin Moor
   With help from English archers Edward Balliol forwarded his right to the Scottish throne by defeating David II's followers at Dupplin Moor.7 
  Sep 24  Balliol crowned king of Scotland Scone
   Edward Balliol was crowned king of Scotland at Scone but was quickly forced over the border back to England prompting Edward III's assaults.7 
  Dec  Balliol overthrown
   Balliol's fortunes changed when he was overthrown and had to flee to England. 
1333    Isle of Man comes under English control Isle of Man
   Montagu, an English Baron, took control of the Isle of Man from Scotland. 
1334  Jun  England takes control of parts of Scotland
   Edward Balliol granted England control of parts of southern Scotland. 
1335  Qtr 2  Edward attacks the Scots
   Edward III, assisted by Balliol, moved up through Scotland. There was a chance that the French would invade while the King was in the North as Philippe VI had sent ships to help the Scottish cause.8 
1341  Jun  David II returns to Scotland
   Edward Balliol is forced to leave Scotland when David II returns from France to claim the Scottish throne.9 
1356  Jan  Edward Balliol gives up Scottish throne
   After the defeat of David II of Scotland at Neville's Cross Edward Balliol had attempted to claim the Scottish throne but eventually decided to surrender his title as King of the Scots to Edward III and accept a pension in return. 
       Beauchamp, Thomas (12th earl of Warwick) Born: 1339 Died: 1401 
homas Beauchamp was one of the five lords appellant who accused several of Richard II's advisors of treason. Thomas took part in the battle of Radcot Bridge against the king where the king's army was defeated. In 1397 Thomas was arrested and sent to the Tower of London where the building he was imprisoned in was renamed after him as the Beauchamp Tower. When Henry IV became King of England Thomas was released from the Tower and given back his lands.
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1281    Beauchamp Tower at Tower of London built Tower of London
   Edward I was responsible for the construction of the Beauchamp Tower on the western side of the curtain wall. It got its name later on in 1397 when Thomas Beauchamp was imprisoned there by Richard II. The three storey tower was large enough to hold not only the captive, but members of his household as well. It has been used to hold other important prisoners since. 
1387  Dec 19  Battle of Radcot Bridge
   Forces belonging to the Lords Appellant defeated forces led by Robert de Vere, the favourite of Richard II. 
       Beaufort, Edmund Died: 1471 
dmund Beaufort was the son of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset who was killed at the Battle of St. Albans in 1455. Edmund, like his father, was a Lancastrian supporter and was exiled when the the Yorkist Edward IV took control of the country in 1461. Edmund proclaimed himself the Duke of Somerset when his brother died in 1461 but was never formally granted the title. Returning to England in 1471 to assist Margaret, King Henry VI's queen, Edmund found Lancastrian supporters to help but was defeated at the battle of Tewkesbury in May of 1471. He was executed several days later.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1455)
Mother:  Beauchamp, Eleanor 
Beaufort, Edmund ( - d.1471)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1471  May 4  The Battle of Tewkesbury Battle of Tewkesbury
   The Yorkists led by Edward and Richard met the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury. Richard was able to outflank the Lancastrians led by Edmund Beaufort, the self-proclaimed Duke of Somerset. Once Somerset's men had been dealt with, Richard attacked the rear of the Lancastrian line which broke apart and fled. Many of the Lancastrian leaders were caught and killed including Edward the Prince of Wales. Margaret of Anjou was also captured. 
       Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) Died: 22 May 1455 
dmund Beaufort was a Lancastrian supporter of King Henry VI of England. Beaufort's early military career was a great success, relieving Calais and capturing Harfleur from the French. But failing to prevent the loss of Anjou, Maine and Normandy to the French his career ended badly. Back in England Beaufort's popularity was low and it was only the support of the King that kept him safe. When King Henry had to relinquish power because of his mental health Edmund Beaufort was locked in the Tower of London. When the King regained power Beaufort was released from the Tower. He supported the King until being killed at the Battle of St. Albans on 22 May, 1455.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Beaufort, John (1st Earl of Somerset) ( - d.1410)
Mother:  Holland, Margaret 
Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1455)
     +Beauchamp, Eleanor
          =Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1464)
          =Beaufort, Edmund ( - d.1471)
          =Beaufort, John ( - d.1471)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1440    Harfleur captured by the English Le Havre, France
   The English under the command of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, captured the port town of Harfleur on the northern coast of France. 
1442    Calais relieved by Edmund Beaufort Calais, France
   The English who were under siege inside Calais were resupplied by Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. For his actions Beaufort received the title Earl of Dorset. 
1447    Edmund Beaufort appointed lieutenant of France
   Edmund Beaufort was appointed lieutenant of France. Richard of York had wanted to be re-appointed to the position. Edmund and Richard became rivals in the battles of the War of the Roses.10 
  Qtr 4  Richard, Duke of York, Lieutenant of Ireland
   Richard, Duke of York, had previously been the Lieutenant of France and Normandy but this had expired and the title had gone to his rival Edmund Beaufort (later Duke of Somerset). Instead, Richard was appointed the title of Lieutenant of Ireland.10 
1450  Jul  Surrender of Caen Caen, France
   The Duke of Somerset surrendered the town of Caen to the French after a short siege and he returned to England.11 
  Sep  Richard returns from Ireland
   As a possible heir to throne of England, Richard, Duke of York returned from Ireland where he had been placed as lieutenant by the Duke of Somerset who had possible aspirations of taking the throne for himself. Edmund Beaufort, the Duke of Somerset and his associates were being shown favouritism and Richard along with the Welsh land owners were finding it hard to retain the earnings they were making from their own lands. Richard failed this time in removing the Duke of Somerset. 
1452  Feb  The Duke of York marches on London London
   The Duke of York gathered an army and marched on London intent on persuading the king to remove Somerset from power, He was refused entry to the city and so continued south across the river Thames.12 
1453  Nov  Somerset sent to the Tower Tower of London
   Edmund Beaufort, the duke of Somerset was unpopular and only kept his position of power with the support of the King. While Henry VI was ill Somerset was sent to the Tower of London.  
1454  Apr 2  Earl of Salisbury becomes chancellor
   With Richard, Duke of York running the country, several changes were made, one of which was to make the elder Richard Neville chancellor. Richard also made himself the Captain of Calais removing his rival the Earl of Somerset from the post. 
1455  Feb  Somerset released from the Tower Tower of London
   With Henry back in power the Duke of Somerset was released from captivity. 
  Mar  Somerset back in command
   Henry's return to sanity swung the balance of power back to favour the Duke of Somerset and he was quickly restored to his former position of Captain of Calais. The Yorkists at this time felt it wise to leave London in fear of reprisals. 
  May 22  Battle of St. Albans Battle of St.Albans
   The King had by his side at St. Albans the Dukes of Somerset and Buckingham, Lords Pembroke, Northumberland and Devon and around 2,000 Lancastrian men. They tried to hold the town against the Yorkists led by Salisbury and Warwick but Warwick was able to enter the town through an unguarded spot and attack the flanks of the Lancastrian barricades. Although this battle was small it left the Duke of Somerset dead along with Lord Northumberland and Clifford. As a result of this victory power again swung to the Yorkists although support from the Barons was not total. Edward again became Protector of the Realm and the powerful position of Captain of Calais was given to the Earl of Warwick. 
       Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset) Died: 1464 
on of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset who was killed at the Battle of St. Albans in 1455. Henry Beaufort died in 1464.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Beaufort, Edmund (2nd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1455)
Mother:  Beauchamp, Eleanor 
Beaufort, Henry (3rd Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1464)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1461  Mar 29  Battle of Towton Battle of Towton
   This was the bloodiest battle of the War of the Roses and was fought in a snowstorm at Towton in Yorkshire. Both the Lancastrian and Yorkist armies were large having possibly 40,000 men each. The battle lasted many hours until the Lancastrians's line was broken. Fleeing into a river many of the Lancastrians were drowned due to their heavy armour and the rest were killed by the pursuing Yorkists. 
1463  Dec  Duke of Somerset rebels Bamburgh Castle
   Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Lancastrian supporters rebelled against Edward and used Bamburgh Castle as a base. 
1464  May  Battle of Hexham Battle of Hexham
   The Nevilles defeated the last of the Lancastrian forces near Hexham and executed the rebels including Henry Beaufort the Duke of Somerset. In recognition of their contribution to the security of his reign Edward IV gave John Neville, Lord Montagu, the title of Earl of Northumberland and George Neville became the Archbishop of York. 
       Beaufort, Henry (Bishop of Winchester) Died: 1447 
enry Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford. In 1404 Henry became the Bishop of Winchester after the death of the previous bishop William of Wykeham and under King Henry IV, his half-brother, Beaufort became the chancellor of England. When Henry VI became King of England in 1422 at the age was ten Henry Beaufort along with the young king's uncles, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester were declared his protectors. In 1426 Henry Beaufort was nominated as cardinal-priest of St. Eusebius. he was then chosen as Papal Legate, a personal representative of the Pope and travelled to Germany where he preached for the war against the Hussites (need more information on this). Henry Beaufort returned to England in around 1430 and became an opponent of the Duke of Gloucester who had begun to run the country for his own ends. Henry died in 1447 and is buried in Winchester Cathedral.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster) ( - d.1399)
Mother:  Swynford, Catherine 
Beaufort, Henry (Bishop of Winchester) ( - d.1447)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1422  Sep 1  Henry VI becomes king
   Henry VI became king of England upon the death of his father. Henry was less than one year old when his father died and so England was governed by a number of protectors. These included Henry V's brothers, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, along with Henry Beaufort the bishop of Winchester. 
1431  Dec  Henry VI crowned as King of France Notre Dame, Paris
   Henry was crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris by Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester. 
       Beaufort, Henry (Duke of Somerset) Died: 1418 
on of John, Earl of Somerset.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Beaufort, John (1st Earl of Somerset) ( - d.1410)
Mother:  Holland, Margaret 
Beaufort, Henry (Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1418)
       Beaufort, Lady Margaret Born: 1443 Died: 1509 
ady Margaret Beaufort married Edmund Tudor, the earl of Richmond. Their son became Henry VII the first Tudor king. After Edmund Tudor died in 1456 Margaret married Sir Henry Stafford and later Thomas, Lord Stanley.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  Beaufort, John (1st Duke of Somerset) ( - d.1444)
Mother:  Beauchamp, Margaret (of Bletsoe) 
Beaufort, Lady Margaret (b.1443 - d.1509)
     +Tudor, Edmund (Earl of Richmond) ( - d.1456)
          =Henry (VII, King of England 1485-1509) (b.1457 - d.1509)
               +Elizabeth (of York) ( - d.1503)
                    =Arthur (Son of Henry VII) (b.1486 - d.1502)
                    |    +Catherine (of Aragon) (b.1485 - d.1536)
                    =Margaret (Tudor, Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1489 - d.1541)
                    |    +James (IV King of Scotland 1488-1513) (b.1473 - d.1513)
                    |    |    =James (V, King of Scotland 1513-1542) (b.1512 - d.1542)
                    |    +Douglas, Archibald (Earl of Angus) ( - d.1557)
                    |         =Douglas, Margaret ( - d.1578)
                    =HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547)
                    |    +Catherine (of Aragon) (b.1485 - d.1536)
                    |    |    =Mary (I, Queen of England 1553-1558, Bloody Mary) (b.1516 - d.1558)
                    |    +Boleyn, Anne ( - d.1536)
                    |    |    =Elizabeth (I, Queen of England 1558-1603) (b.1533 - d.1603)
                    |    +Seymour, Jane ( - d.1537)
                    |    |    =Edward (VI, King of England 1547-1553) (b.1537 - d.1553)
                    |    +Anne (of Cleves) (b.1515 - d.1557)
                    |    +Howard, Catherine
                    |    +Parr, Catherine
                    =Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1495 - d.1533)
                         +Louis (XII, King of France) ( - d.1515)
                         +Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) (b.1485 - d.1545)
                              =Frances (Lady)
                              =Clifford, Eleanor (Lady) ( - d.1547)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1455    Edmund Tudor marries Margaret Beaufort
   Edmund Tudor married Margaret Beaufort, the heiress of the Duke of Somerset. Margaret was only twelve years old.13 
1456  Dec  Margaret Beaufort moved to Pembroke Pembroke Castle
   After the death of Edmund Tudor his brother Jasper Tudor Earl of Pembroke moved Margaret Beaufort to Pembroke Castle. Margaret was the wife of Edmund and expecting their first child.14 
       Beaufort, Thomas (Duke of Exeter) Died: 1426 
homas Beaufort was the son of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford.
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Family Tree Details
Father:  John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster) ( - d.1399)
Mother:  Swynford, Catherine 
Beaufort, Thomas (Duke of Exeter) ( - d.1426)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1416    Armagnac Fleet blockade Harfleur Le Havre, France
   A French fleet laid siege to Harfleur, the French port captured by Henry V, and attempted to get it back. Harfleur was defended by Thomas Beaufort, the earl of Exeter. 
       Benedict (XII, Pope) Died: 1342 
ope from 1334 to 1342. Benedict was a French Cistercian monk from Foix. The main concern of his time in office was to stop the Hundred Years War that had started during his reign.
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1337  Qtr 2  Cardinals sent to Europe
   Two cardinals, Peter Gomez and Bertrand of Montfavence, were sent by Pope Benedict XII to Europe to try and prevent the two kings from going to war.15 
       Berengaria (of Navarre, Queen of England)  
erengaria, the daughter of the King of Navarre, married King Richard I of England on 12th of May 1191 on Cyprus in the chapel of St George at Limassol. Berengaria had been travelling to the Holy Land as part of the crusade when her ship was forced to take refuge on the island of Cyprus in a storm. The island's ruler Isaac Comnenus refused to help the crusaders and when Richard landed on Cyprus to find his bride-to-be a fight broke out and Richard attacked and defeated the Cypriot army.
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Family Tree Details
Berengaria (of Navarre, Queen of England)
     +Richard (I, King of England 1189-1199) (b.1157 - d.1199)
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1191  May 12  Richard marries Berengaria Limassol, Cyprus
   Richard took time to marry Berengaria at Limassol.16 
       Bernard (of Clairvaux) Born: 1090 Died: 20 Aug 1153 
on of Tescelin Sorrel, and Aleth, the daughter of the Lord of Montbard, Bernard was born near Dijon in the castle of Fontaines. Learning Latin as an early age, Bernard and his five brothers and one sister were very well educated. Bernard was taught at Chatillon-on-the-Seine, where he proved to have intelligence and a strong religious nature. At the age of around nineteen, he left his schooling and was confused as to his next direction. After praying for guidance, his doubts were gone and he left to join the Benedictine monastery at Citeaux, which had been founded fifteen years before by Robert of Molesme, Alberic, and Stephen Harding. Bernard's eloquence was such that he persuaded his uncle, Gaudry, and several of his younger brothers to join him, along with thirty-one Burgundian nobles as well. The youngest brother, Nivard, too young to join the order was left behind. At Easter of 1112, Bernard reaches the monastery at Citeaux where the abbot Stephen Harding welcomes them as there had not been any new recruits for several years. For three years Bernard helps in the duties of land clearing, converting swamps into fertile land. Stephen then founds two more monasteries at La Ferte in 1113 and Pontigny in 1114. When the Count of Troyes presents a site, Bernard is given the opportunity to be an abbot and with the help of his own brothers and other monks builds a dwelling in Champagne in the valley of Wormwood. After some hardship and lack of food, due to Bernard's strictness with his monks, Bernard became less strict and made sure than food way available. His fame spread and many more monks joined him. The monastery became known as Clairvaux. In 1118, Bernard becomes ill and is given the rest and diet required for a full recovery by William of Champeaux, who recognised in Bernard, a leader for the future. Under his leadership, the Cistercian order was restored to a new importance. Seven abbeys in 1118 became 328 abbeys by 1152. In 1121, Bernard starts performing miracles. The first was to restore the speech to a relative called Josbert de la Ferte who had been stuck dumb. He also cured the ill by making the sign of the cross over them and at the church of Foigny, he rid the church from a plague of flies by simple pronouncing an excommunication on them at which they all died. He began to teach at the Universities of Paris, and his students were so impressed by him, some of them joined him at Clairvaux. A group of German knights, meeting Bernard as Clairvaux were also so impressed that they too decided to become monks even though their former interests were fighting and tournaments. He challenged Peter Abelard and considered the excesses of Abbot Suger of St Denis Paris over the top. His support of the Knights Templars was almost a guarantee of their success. Bernard was a knight by birth and was trusted enough for Abbot Suger to consider entrusting an army to him on the Crusades. Many believe that Bernard was Galahad. Bernard was the driving force behind the Council of Troyes that provided the Knights Templars with its first Rule, the Latin Rule.
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Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1098    Abbey of Citeaux founded
   The abbey of Citeaux in Burgundy was founded by Robert of Mosleme. The abbey did not prosper until around 1113 when Stephen Harding became abbot and a couple of years later St. Bernard became the abbot of Clairvaux it's daughter house. The abbey of Citeaux was the start of the massively important Cistercian Order.17 
1112  Mar  Bernard of Clairvaux reaches Citeaux
   Bernard (at the age of 22), his brothers and several Burgundian nobles reached the monastery at Citeaux. As there had not been any new novices for some years, Stephen Harding, the abbot, accepted them willingly.18 
1115    Count of Champagne donates land to St. Bernard Clairvaux Abbey
   The count of Champagne donated land to St. Bernard on which the abbey of Clairvaux was built. 19 
    Clairvaux Abbey founded Clairvaux Abbey
   The Cistercian abbey of Clairvaux was founded in 1115 by Bernard of Fontaines who became Clairvaux's abbot until his death in 1153. 
1128  Jan  Council of Troyes takes place
   The Council of Troyes took place. Its aim was to consider the claim of the Knights Templars represented by Hughes de Payen and Andre de Montbard and was brought about by Bernard of Clairvaux. The Council provided papal approval for the Templars and resulted in many new recruits joining the order. The Order was provided it with its first rule, the Latin Rule.1 
1139    Papal Bull by Pope Innocent II
   A Papal Bull issued by Pope Innocent II, a former Cistercian monk and protégé of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, stated that the Knight Templars should owe allegiance to no one other than the Pope himself. This meant that the Templars answered to no one not even Kings or other political or religious authorities.19 
1146  Mar 31  Sermon at Vézelay Vezelay, France
   St. Bernard's sermon at Vézelay so moved Eleanor of Aquitaine that she vowed to go on Crusade. 
1153  Aug 20  Death of Bernard of Clairvaux Clairvaux Abbey
   Bernard, the abbot of Clairvaux, the post he had held since 1115, and one of the most important religious people in the Middle Ages died at the age of sixty-three. 
       Bigod, Hugh  
arl of Norfolk. Leader of a baronial rebellion against Henry II between 1173 and 74.
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YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1140    Construction of Framlingham Castle Framlingham Castle
   A motte with a wooden tower was probably the first type of castle built by the Normans on the site. Hugh Bigod owned Framlingham at the time. 
1165    Hugh Bigod buys back Framlingham Framlingham Castle
   Henry II had confiscated the castle from the rebellious Earl. But Hugh raised the money required to buy back the castle. Henry built the castle at Orford to keep Hugh under control. 
1166 - 1172 Building of Orford Castle Orford Castle
  Henry II, had the castle at Orford, in Norfolk built between 1166 and 1172, to counter the threats of Hugh Bigod and to confront his castle fortress at Framlingham. 20 
1173 - 1174 Baronial rebellion
  The baronial rebellion against Henry II. One of it leaders was Hugh Bigod. (Need to investigate)20 
       Blanche (of Lancaster) Died: 1369 
lanche of Lancaster married John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and was the mother of Henry IV.
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Family Tree Details
Blanche (of Lancaster) ( - d.1369)
     +John (of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster) ( - d.1399)
          =HENRY (IV, King of England 1399-1413) (b.1367 - d.1413)
          |    +Bohun, Mary
          |         =Henry (V, King of England 1413-1422) (b.1387 - d.1422)
          |         |    +Catherine (of France) ( - d.1438)
          |         |         =Henry (VI, King of England 1422-1461, 1470-1471) (b.1421 - d.1471)
          |         =Thomas (Duke of Clarence) ( - d.1421)
          |         =John (Duke of Bedford) ( - d.1435)
          |         =Humphrey (Duke of Gloucester) ( - d.1447)
          =Philippa, (daughter of John of Gaunt)
          |    +John (I, of Portugal)
          =Elizabeth (daughter of John of Gaunt)
               +John (Earl of Pembroke - 1389)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1361 - 1399 John of Gaunt owns Kenilworth
  John of Gaunt married Blanche, the daughter of Henry, Duke of Lancaster. Henry owned Kenilworth Castle and when he died (?) John became Duke of Lancaster and took ownership of the castle. Gaunt rebuilt the hall and constructed new grand apartments.21 
1367  Mar  Henry (IV) future king of England in born Bolingbroke Castle
   Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire. 
       Bohemund (I, Prince of Antioch 1099-1111) Born: circa 1050 Died: 1111 
ohemund (or Bohemond) of Taranto was a leader of a Norman army from southern Italy and Sicily who joined the First Crusade along with his nephew Tancred. He became Bohemund I, Prince of Antioch in 1099 after Antioch had fallen to the Crusaders. His actions went against an oath he had taken promising to hand over captured lands to Alexius of Byzantine. Bohemond was captured by Muslims in 1100 but was freed in 1103 to return to Europe where he married the daughter of Philip I of France.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1191  May 11  Meeting in Limassol Limassol, Cyprus
   Richard met Guy of Lusignan (King of Jerusalem), Geoffrey (Richard's brother), Bohemund (Prince of Antioch), Raymond (Count of Tripoli), Humphrey of Toron and other knights to discuss the attempt by Philippe II of France to replace Guy of Lusignan with Conrad of Montferrat as the King of Jerusalem.16 
       Boleyn, Anne Died: 19 May 1536 
nne was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn. Her elder sister Mary had become the mistress of Henry VIII. Henry's attentions turned to Anne but she was not happy to be just his mistress, she wanted to be his wife. Henry was still married to Catherine of Aragon but their marriage had broken down because Catherine could not provide the King with a male heir. Henry wanted the Pope to declare that the marriage to Catherine was invalid, mainly because Catherine had been married to his late brother and in the Bible this was seen as a sin. Henry and Anne were married in January of 1533. Anne gave birth to their first child in September of the same year. The child, called Elizabeth, was a girl much to Henry's dismay but the child was healthy and Henry felt sure that Anne would give him the son he needed. Anne then had a series of stillborn births and finally she had a premature birth in January of 1536 when she was informed that Henry had fallen from his horse and was seriously injured. Henry lost interest in Anne and looked for a way to end the marriage. Anne was accused of adultery and was executed for treason. Elizabeth, her daughter, would later become Elizabeth I, Queen of England.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Father:  Boleyn, Thomas (1st Earl of Wiltshire)
Mother:  Howard, Elizabeth 
Boleyn, Anne ( - d.1536)
     +HENRY (VIII, King of England 1509-1547) (b.1491 - d.1547)
          =Elizabeth (I, Queen of England 1558-1603) (b.1533 - d.1603)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1527    Henry VIII meets Anne Boleyn
   Anne Boleyn came to the attention of Henry VIII. Anne was a lady-in-waiting for Queen Catherine and the sister of Mary Boleyn who was at the time the mistress of Henry VIII. Henry became besotted by Anne. 
  Jun 22  Henry VIII declares his marriage invalid
   Henry VIII told Catherine of Aragon that their marriage was invalid because she had earlier been married to his brother Arthur. Anne Boleyn, who Henry had become besotted with, wanted Henry to divorce Catherine and to marry her. 
1533  Jan 25  Marriage to Anne Boleyn Whitehall Palace
   Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn at Whitehall Palace on or around the 25th of January. Anne was expecting a child which Henry and Anne hoped would be a boy. 
  Spring  Act of Succession Palace of Westminster
   A statute passed by Parliament called the 'Act of Succession' declared that Mary Tudor was illegitimate and not Henry's heir because the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was void. This meant that children of Henry and Anne Boleyn would be the true heirs to the English throne. 
  May 23  Marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared illegal
   Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was illegal and was annulled. The marriage between Henry and Anne Boleyn could then be formalised. 
  May 23  Marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared illegal
   Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was illegal and was annulled. The marriage between Henry and Anne Boleyn could then be formalised. 
  May 28  Marriage to Anne Boleyn declared legal
   Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was legal. 
  May 28  Marriage to Anne Boleyn declared legal
   Thomas Cranmer declared that the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was legal. 
  Jun 1  Coronation of Anne Boleyn Westminster Abbey
   Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer. 
  Sep 7  Birth of Elizabeth to Anne Boleyn Greenwich Palace
   Anne gave birth to Elizabeth a healthy girl at Greenwich Palace. Henry had hoped they would have a boy to ensure the continuation of the Tudor line. 
  Dec  Princess Elizabeth moved to Hatfield
   Princess Elizabeth was moved from Greenwich, London to Hatfield were she was looked in the household of Lady Bryan. 22 
1536  Jan 29  Anne Boleyn loses a son
   Anne had a premature birth resulting in a stillborn child and the child was a boy. The failure to give Henry a son meant the end of her marriage to the king. Henry needed a new wife who could give him a male heir and he had his eye on Jane Seymour.22 
  May 2  Anne Boleyn arrested Greenwich Palace
   Anne Boleyn was arrested at Greenwich after the May-Day jousting tournament on the order of Henry VIII. 
  May 19  Execution of Anne Boleyn Tower of London
   Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII, was executed for treason and adultery at the Tower of London. 
       Boniface (VIII, Pope) Died: 11 Oct 1303 
oniface was the Pope from 1294 until his death in October 1303. He came into conflict with the French king Philip IV over taxation of the Church in France. Both the Church and the French king wanted more money for their own needs and Boniface believed the spiritual power was more important than the secular and asserted the right not to be taxed. Philip demanded the conflict be brought before a General Council. The dispute escalated to the point where Boniface was held captive in Anagni for several days. A month later Boniface died.
See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1297  Aug  Louis IX is canonised
   Pope Boniface VIII made King Louis IX of France a saint of the Church twenty seven years after his death whilst on crusade.23 
1303  Oct 11  Death of Boniface VIII
   Boniface, the Pope, died a few weeks after being held captive by supporters of the French King over taxation disputes.23 
       Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) Born: 1485 Died: 1545 
harles was a friend of Henry VIII who ran off with Henry's younger sister Mary after Mary's arranged marriage with Louis XII ended when Louis died in 1515. Charles and Mary were secretly married. They were both caught and forced to pay a fine. One of Charles and Mary's descendants was Lady Jane Grey.
 See Also

Family Tree Details
Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) (b.1485 - d.1545)
     +Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) (b.1495 - d.1533)
          =Frances (Lady)
          |    +Grey, Henry (Duke of Suffolk) ( - d.1554)
          |         =Grey, Jane (Lady) (b.1537 - d.1554)
          |         =Grey, Catherine (Lady)
          =Clifford, Eleanor (Lady) ( - d.1547)
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1515  Feb  Princess Mary secretly marries
   Princess Mary ran away with Charles Brandon after the death of Louis XII. They were secretly married but caught and forced to pay a fine. 
  May 13  Mary and Suffolk marry Greenwich Palace
   Princess Mary, the younger sister of Henry VIII, married Charles Brandon, the Duke of Suffolk at Greenwich. Henry VIII gave full consent to the marriage. 
       Braose, William de  
illiam de Braose (Briouze) was a Norman baron who inherited the area of Becknock in Wales. He dealt with the Welsh chieftains extremely badly. In 1173 the Welsh chieftain Sitsyllt ap Dwfnwal captured Abergavenny castle but quickly returned it to the king's possession. In return de Braose invited the chieftain to an evening of entertainment but instead captured and killed him and those he had brought with him. William then captured the chieftain's castle, taking his wife and killed his son. Again in 1196, when another chieftain was invited to peace talks, de Braose arrested and murdered him. William was a supporter of King John until 1210 when something happened and he had to flee from England to Ireland. John took the opportunity to visit Ireland looking for William and receive homage from the Irish Chieftains. William de Braose escaped but his wife and son were captured. John had the woman and boy transported to Windsor Castle where they were put in a dungeon and starved to death.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1175    Murder of Sitsyllt ap Dwfnwal Abergavenny Castle
   Abergavenny Castle was captured from William de Braose by Sitsyllt ap Dwfnwal, a Welsh Chieftain. The castle was restored to Braose by Sitsyllt and the Chieftain was invited to a feast to celebrate its return. Instead of a friendly meeting Braose had Sitsyllt ap Dwfnwal and his guests murdered.24 
1202  Aug 1  Battle of Mirabeau
   Arthur of Brittany and the Lusignans had laid siege to Mirabeau Castle trapping Eleanor of Aquitaine inside. King John launched a rescue mission to free her. Arthur was captured by William de Braose and was handed over to King John. Many other important knights were also captured and it was an important and famous victory for the English king. Those that were captured were treated badly by King John. He could have ransomed them for their freedom and made a lot of money, instead he kept them prisoner locked in dungeons. Some he had shipped to England and imprisoned. Arthur was sent to the dungeon in the castle at Falaise in Normandy. 
1210  Jun 10  John lands in Ireland
   John landed at Waterford looking for the rebel baron William de Braose who had fled to Ireland. John took the opportunity to visit his lands in Ireland receiving homage from the Irish Chieftains. de Broase fled but his wife and son were captured, taken back to England and starved to death in Windsor Castle. 
       Bruce, Edward  
rother of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1313  Jun  Stirling Castle Siege Stirling Castle
   Stirling castle was still under the control of English forces but was under siege from the Scots led by Edward Bruce. Bruce and the English commander, Sir Philippe de Mowbray, came to an agreement that if English forces had not reached the castle by midsummer 1314, Mowbray would surrender the castle to the Scots. Bruce even let Mowbray leave the castle to inform the English king of the agreement.25 
1315    Edward Bruce invades Ireland
   Edward Bruce landed in Ireland in an attempt to become King of Ireland. 26 
1318  Oct  Battle of Faughart
   Edward Bruce was defeated and killed at the Battle of Faughart by the English led by John de Birmingham. 
       Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick) Died: 1304 
etails
       Burgh, Hubert de  
hen William Marshal died in 1219 Hubert de Burgh took control of the country as Henry III was still too young to rule. de Burgh drove the foreign mercenaries, who had supported king John, out of the country. He regained important castles for the king (which ??) and dealt with the rebellious barons. He was driven from his position in 1232 by the Bishop of Winchester. de Burgh controlled three castles in South Wales, Grosmont, Skenfrith and White Castle.
 See Also
Mini Timeline

YearMonthDetailsEvent Location
1190 - 1200 Construction on Skenfrith Castle
  Built by Hubert de Burgh this castle is one of the three he owned in the Welsh Marches. White Castle, and Grosmont Castle being the other two.27 
1217  Aug 24  Battle off Sandwich
   A fleet of French ships were defeated off the coast near Sandwich by Hubert de Burgh. The French fleet was commanded by Eustace the Monk, a pirate and mercenary who fought for both the French and English when it suited his needs. The French fleet were bringing more men and supplies to assist Prince Louis in his quest to take the English throne. The ship Eustace was on was captured and the monk was executed. 
  Sep 12  Treaty of Kingston London
   The defeat of the French fleet left Prince Louis without much hope of taking the English throne. William Marshall blockaded London from the sea and land and at Lambeth Louis accepted peace terms. Louis waived his claim to the throne of England and should have restored Normandy to Henry but did not. Louis was paid 10,000 marks to ensure he left the country as soon as possible. William Marshall pardoned all those who had supported Louis. 
1219    William Marshal dies
   William Marshal is succeeded by Peter de Roches, Bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh who was Justiciary. 
1220    Grosmont Castle building work
   Hubert de Burgh improved the defences at Grosmont Castle, including the gatehouse and towers.28 
1221    Hubert de Burgh
   Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, travelled to Rome and left Hubert de Burgh in charge of affairs of the country. 
1223    Earls deprived of their castles
   Hubert de Burgh gets agreement that the rebel barons should give up their Earldoms and castles which were to be turned over to the crown. The Earls were slow in complying with the agreement.29 
1224  Qtr 1  Henry reclaims castles
   All those castles that had been taken from King John were claimed back by Henry. Henry did not want to have untrustworthy Barons in control of strong castles. Fawkes de Breaute, one of the castle occupiers refused to relinquish his castle(s) and started a short rebellion. Stephen Langton and Hubert de Burgh dealt with Fawkes and the castles were handed over. (Need to find out which castles) 
  Jun  Bedford Castle siege Bedford
   The garrison at Bedford Castle, belonging to the rebel Falkes de Breute, refused to surrender to the Crown. Falkes had been repeated summonsed to account for his refusal to comply with agreement and when he refused to appear before the King the castle was surrounded. The castle fell when the keep was undermined. The garrison, who had surrendered the castle, were all hung on the order of the Justiciar. Falkes was allowed to leave the country but he lost all his possessions in doing so. Bedford Castle was badly damaged as a result.28 
1231  Qtr 1  Hubert de Burgh in Wales
   Hubert de Burgh had become a powerful Lord in the Welsh Marshes, controlling castles such as Cardigan and Carmarthen. He began to threaten the local Welsh leaders. 
1232    Henry III removes Hubert de Burgh
   Henry III was persuaded to remove Hubert de Burgh. Hubert escaped from prison and took refuge in a church at Devizes. After being dragged from the church Hubert was re-imprisoned. The bishop of Salisbury forced the Government to return Hubert to the church where his supporters rescued him. 
1233  Qtr 1  Baronian rebellion
   With the introduction of Peter de Roches as justiciar and the removal of Hubert de Burgh, the control of the Exchequer was under Poitevin control and possibly reversed the gains created by the Magna Carta in 1215. Henry was given control of central administration. This angered the Barons and a group led by Richard Marshall, Earl of Pembroke opposed the changes. Henry was able to deal with the Barons.30 
  Nov  Rout of Henry's army Grosmont Castle
   Henry III's army was camped at Grosmont Castle when they were attacked in the night by a force of Welsh and English rebels. Several of Henry's supporters were captured and the castle was returned to Hubert de Burgh, one of the rebels.28 
Selection of references used:

1. Edward Burman, The Templars, Knights of God, 0-85030-396-6
2. John Julius Norwich, A History of Venice
3. T. Wise, The Wars of the Crusades
4. Zoe Oldenbourg, The Crusades
5. John J. Robinson, Born in Blood, 0-87131-602-1
6. J.D. Mackie, A History of Scotland, 1978, 0 7139 1206 5
7. John Harvey, The Black Prince and his age, 0 7134 3148 2
8. Hubert Cole, The Black Prince, 1976, 0 246 10778 2
9. Susan Ross, The Castles of Scotland, 0 85097 184 5
10. J R Lander, The War of the Roses, 0-75090-018-0
11. Hubert Cole, Teh Wars of the Roses, 1973, 0 246 10618 2
12. Paul Murray Kendall, Richard The Third, ISBN 0 04 942048 8
13. Byran Bevan, Henry VII: The First Tudor King
14. Neville Williams, Henry VII
15. T.F. Tout, The History of England
16. John Gillingham, The Life and Times of Richard I, 1974
17. M.R.James, Abbeys, 1925
18. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Abbot
19. Micheal Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail
20. Colin Platt, Medieval England, 0 7100 8815 9
21. Mike Salter, Castles and Moated Castles of Warwickshire
22. Neville Williams, Elizabeth I, Queen of England
23. Robert Fawtier (translation by Lionel Butler and R J Adam), The Capetian Kings of France, 1966
24. Timbs & Gunn, Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales
25. Caroline Bingham, The Life and Times of Edward II
26. G.A.Cambell, The Knights Templar. Their rise and fall
27. Sidney Toy, Catles. Their Construction and History, 1985, 0-486-24898-4
28. John Kinross, Discovering Castles in England and Wales
29. H.W.C.Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 1949
30. M.T.Clanchy, England and its Rulers

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